On a property, water is pumped from point A at the bottom of a hill to point B on top of the hill via a cast iron pipe at a flow rate of ?=Q= 0.06 ?3/?m3/s. The total pipe length is 173 ?m of diameter 0.14 ?m, and the elevation difference between A and B is 27 ?m. Between points A and B it is required to use 20 of the 90?90o flanged smooth bends (???=KLB= 0.19) and 5 of the fully open gate valve (???=KLG= 0.22). The entrance and exit losses are 0.54 and 1.3, respectively. Calculate the minimum pump power required to pump water from A to B, given that the pump efficiency is 0.76.    Density and viscosity of water are 1000 ??/?3kg/m3 and 0.00131 ??/?.?kg/m.s, respectively.

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Open Channel Flow

Open channel flow is a branch of fluid mechanics. It deals with the flow of fluid in an open conduit or free surface. In an open channel flow, gravity induces the flow of water whose surface is open to the air. This flow is free-falling rather than confined in rigid body conduits. The open channel flow depends upon two parameters that are the cross-section of the conduit and the velocity profile. Practical examples of open channel flow are streams, rivers, canals, and other drainage systems.In open channel flow, the cross-sectional area of at least one of the sides is exposed to air, and the surface of water faces atmospheric pressure. This flow is also known as free gravity flow. The cross-sectional area of the conduit can be either man-made or a natural channel. For instance, the flow in rivers and streams are natural conduits, and the flow in a canal and sanitary systems are man-made or engineered channels.