Homework Help is Here – Start Your Trial Now!
Social Science
History
oci

oci

icon
Related questions
Question
100%
What was ujamaa and in what ways did it reflect socialist ideologies? Why did Nyerere believe that urbanization was bad for Tanzania? How did he propose to fix this problem? What is the big picture or the main idea?
Post-Colonial Economic Development in Tanzania Tanzania was formally colonized by the, Belgium, Portuguese, and finally (Turesia Morocco Western Sahara Algeria Libya Faypt Great Britain. When Tanzania achieved Mauritania Mali Niger Chad independent in 1961, leaders had to figure out how they would develop Tanzania's economy with Senegal Erytrea Sudan Gambia Burkina Djibouli Guinea-Binsbuinea Faso Nigeria Sierra Leone Liberya Ivory Const Ethiopia South thana Togo Benin EQ. Guinea Central Africa Cameroa Republe Sudan Soma few resources. Ugand Kenya Gabon Rwanda JCongu Burundi In the early post-independence decades, a number of African states expressed their plans for development in terms of socialism. After all, capitalism was Dem. Rep. Congo Tanzania Angola Malawi Zambia Mozabique Zimbabwe Namibla Botswana + Swaziland Lesotho South Africa associated with a despised colonial rule, and the communist countries of the Soviet Union and China had made significant economic progress within a socialist framework. One of the most prominent expressions of this socialist approach to development came from Tanzania, in East Africa. There Julius Nyerere, the country's nationalist leader and its first president, articulated a distinctly African and non-Marxist version of socialism, known as ujamaa (“familyhood" in the Swahili language). Based on the idea of collective farming and the "villagization" of the countryside, ujamaa also called for the nationalization of banks and industry and an increased level of self-reliance at both an individual and national level.
Transcribed Image Text:Post-Colonial Economic Development in Tanzania Tanzania was formally colonized by the, Belgium, Portuguese, and finally (Turesia Morocco Western Sahara Algeria Libya Faypt Great Britain. When Tanzania achieved Mauritania Mali Niger Chad independent in 1961, leaders had to figure out how they would develop Tanzania's economy with Senegal Erytrea Sudan Gambia Burkina Djibouli Guinea-Binsbuinea Faso Nigeria Sierra Leone Liberya Ivory Const Ethiopia South thana Togo Benin EQ. Guinea Central Africa Cameroa Republe Sudan Soma few resources. Ugand Kenya Gabon Rwanda JCongu Burundi In the early post-independence decades, a number of African states expressed their plans for development in terms of socialism. After all, capitalism was Dem. Rep. Congo Tanzania Angola Malawi Zambia Mozabique Zimbabwe Namibla Botswana + Swaziland Lesotho South Africa associated with a despised colonial rule, and the communist countries of the Soviet Union and China had made significant economic progress within a socialist framework. One of the most prominent expressions of this socialist approach to development came from Tanzania, in East Africa. There Julius Nyerere, the country's nationalist leader and its first president, articulated a distinctly African and non-Marxist version of socialism, known as ujamaa (“familyhood" in the Swahili language). Based on the idea of collective farming and the "villagization" of the countryside, ujamaa also called for the nationalization of banks and industry and an increased level of self-reliance at both an individual and national level.
Nyerere's Plan Nyerere argued that urbanization, which had been brought about by European colonialism and was economically driven by wage labor, had disrupted the traditional pre-colonial rural African society. He believed that it was possible for his government to recreate precolonial traditions in Tanzania and, in turn, re-establish a traditional level of mutual respect and return the people to settled, moral ways of life. The main way to do that was to move people out of the urban cities like the capital Dar es Salaam and into newly created villages dotting the rural countryside. The idea for collective rural agriculture seemed like a sound idea-Nyerere's government could afford to provide equipment, facilities, and material to a rural population if they were brought together in "nucleated" settlements, each of around 250 families. Establishing new groups of rural populations also made the distribution of fertilizer and seed easier, and it would be possible to provide a good level of education to the population as well. Villagization was seen as a way to overcome the problems of "tribalization*"-a plague which beset other newly independent African countries that drove people to separate into tribes based on ancient identities. Nyerere set out his policy in the Arusha Declaration of Feb. 5, 1967. The process started slowly and was voluntary at first, but by the end of the 1960s, there were only 800 or so collective settlements. In the 1970s, Nyerere's reign became more oppressive, as he began to force people to leave the cities and move to the collective villages. By the end of the 1970s, there were over 2,500 of these villages: but things weren't going well in them. While literacy rates increased significantly, infant mortality rates were halved, and Tanzania didn't fall into ethnic or group tensions like many other African neighbors; by the end of program in 1985, Tanzania was one of the poorest African nations, highly dependent on foreign aid. Weaknesses Ujamaa was intended to recreate nuclear families and engage the small communities in an "economy of affection" by tapping into the traditional attitudes in the Tanzanian region, while at the same time introducing essential services and modern technological innovations for the rural population that was now the majority. But traditional ideals of how families operated no longer matched the reality of the Tanzanians. The traditional devoted female domestic guardian of the family rooted in the village was contrary to the actual lifestyles of women-and maybe the ideal never had worked. Instead, women moved in and out of working and raising children throughout their lives, embracing diversification and flexibility to provide personal security. At the same time, although young men complied with the official orders and moved to the rural communities, they rejected the traditional models and distanced themselves from the older generation of male leaders within their family. According to a 2014 survey of people living in Dar es Salaam, villagization did not provide enough economic incentive (motivations) to people who had been used to wage labor. They found themselves needing to involve themselves ever more deeply in the urban/wage economy. Ironically, Ujamaa villagers resisted engaging in communal life and withdrew from subsistence and commercial agriculture, while urban residents chose to live in the cities and practice urban agriculture.?
Transcribed Image Text:Nyerere's Plan Nyerere argued that urbanization, which had been brought about by European colonialism and was economically driven by wage labor, had disrupted the traditional pre-colonial rural African society. He believed that it was possible for his government to recreate precolonial traditions in Tanzania and, in turn, re-establish a traditional level of mutual respect and return the people to settled, moral ways of life. The main way to do that was to move people out of the urban cities like the capital Dar es Salaam and into newly created villages dotting the rural countryside. The idea for collective rural agriculture seemed like a sound idea-Nyerere's government could afford to provide equipment, facilities, and material to a rural population if they were brought together in "nucleated" settlements, each of around 250 families. Establishing new groups of rural populations also made the distribution of fertilizer and seed easier, and it would be possible to provide a good level of education to the population as well. Villagization was seen as a way to overcome the problems of "tribalization*"-a plague which beset other newly independent African countries that drove people to separate into tribes based on ancient identities. Nyerere set out his policy in the Arusha Declaration of Feb. 5, 1967. The process started slowly and was voluntary at first, but by the end of the 1960s, there were only 800 or so collective settlements. In the 1970s, Nyerere's reign became more oppressive, as he began to force people to leave the cities and move to the collective villages. By the end of the 1970s, there were over 2,500 of these villages: but things weren't going well in them. While literacy rates increased significantly, infant mortality rates were halved, and Tanzania didn't fall into ethnic or group tensions like many other African neighbors; by the end of program in 1985, Tanzania was one of the poorest African nations, highly dependent on foreign aid. Weaknesses Ujamaa was intended to recreate nuclear families and engage the small communities in an "economy of affection" by tapping into the traditional attitudes in the Tanzanian region, while at the same time introducing essential services and modern technological innovations for the rural population that was now the majority. But traditional ideals of how families operated no longer matched the reality of the Tanzanians. The traditional devoted female domestic guardian of the family rooted in the village was contrary to the actual lifestyles of women-and maybe the ideal never had worked. Instead, women moved in and out of working and raising children throughout their lives, embracing diversification and flexibility to provide personal security. At the same time, although young men complied with the official orders and moved to the rural communities, they rejected the traditional models and distanced themselves from the older generation of male leaders within their family. According to a 2014 survey of people living in Dar es Salaam, villagization did not provide enough economic incentive (motivations) to people who had been used to wage labor. They found themselves needing to involve themselves ever more deeply in the urban/wage economy. Ironically, Ujamaa villagers resisted engaging in communal life and withdrew from subsistence and commercial agriculture, while urban residents chose to live in the cities and practice urban agriculture.?
Expert Solution
steps

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTIONCheck out a sample Q&A here
Blurred answer