oblem 4-An octagonal column having 52cm internal and 60cm external diameters is reinforced with 8nos. 32 mm longitudinal bars and 10mm helical binders placed at 10 cm c/c. The depth of base slab at column face is Im and taper it down to 30 cm at the odges. The slab is 2.5m square at the base and and 66cm square at column face reinforced with 16mm bars at 15cm c/c. The reinforcement of longitudinal bars has been pro- jected 90cm above roof level to from an internal dia. of 42cm at floor. Arrangements of splice bars and all other details has been shown in the drawing. Assuming wt. of 32mm. 16mm and 10mm dia. bars are 6-31 kg. 1·58 kg and 0.62 kg per rm respectively, prepare an estimate for shuttering, concreting and reinforcement assuming your own market rates.

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Length and Length related Variables

Length can de defined as the measurement or extent of physical quantities or objects from one terminal to another terminal. Stone age humans used finger length, step length, and so on to measure the size or displacement of an object. Nowadays, depending on how precise the measurement requires to be and the object’s size is measured, we use measuring devices for measurements like rulers and steel tape. Most people have used a ruler or tape measure to measure a particular distance or the size of an object. For more precise measurements of tiny objects, the development of measurement tools such as the Vernier caliper, which permits us to measure dimensions within 1/1000 of an inch. In the last few decades, electronic distance measuring instruments (EDMI) have been implemented that permit us to measure distances from a few feet to many miles with reasonable accuracy.