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- Discuss the types of experimental observations that Mary Lyonbrought together in proposing her hypothesis concerning X-chromosome inactivation. In your own words, explain how these observations were consistent with her hypothesis.A female fruit fly has one normal X chromosome and one X chromosomewith a deletion. The deletion occurred in the middle ofthe X chromosome and removed about 10% of the entire length ofthe X chromosome. Suppose you stained and observed the chromosomesin salivary gland cells of this female fruit fly. Draw thepolytene arm of the X chromosome. Explain your drawing.When the DNA of a human cell becomes damaged, the p53 geneis activated. What is the general function of the p53 protein?Is it an enzyme, transcription factor, cell-cycle protein, orsomething else? Describe three ways in which the synthesisof the p53 protein affects cellular function. Why is it beneficialfor these three things to happen when a cell’s DNA hasbeen damaged?
- Occasionally, a mouse X chromosome is broken into two pieces and each piece becomes attached to a different autosome. In this event, the genes on only one of the two pieces undergo X inactivation. What does this observation indicate about the mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation?In X-chromosome inactivation, when is the choice made as to which X chromosome is inactivated? Does this choice occur in embryonic cells, in adult somatic cells, or both?Describe when X-chromosome inactivation occurs and how thisleads to phenotypic results at the organism level. In your answer,you should explain why XCI causes results such as variegated coatpatterns in mammals. Why do two different calico cats have theirpatches of orange and black fur in different places? Explainwhether or not a variegated coat pattern due to XCI could occur inmarsupials.
- Describe the molecular process of X-chromosome inactivation.This description should include the three phases of inactivationand the role of the Xic. Explain what happens to the X chromosomes during embryogenesis, in adult somatic cells, and duringoogenesis.The cells from a person’s malignant tumor were subjected to insitu hybridization using a probe that recognizes a unique sequenceon chromosome 14. The probe was detected only once in each ofthe cells. Explain this result, and speculate on its significance withregard to the malignant characteristics of these cells.describe X-chromosome reactivation.
- Following X-chromosome inactivation, most of the genes on theinactivated X chromosome are silenced. Explain how. Name onegene that is not silenced.The somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 40 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 40? O This plant is more like animals than like another plant that has 10 total chromosomes. The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome. This plant's sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. O This plant's sex cells would have 80 chromosomes when entering meiosis.Outline the molecular steps in the process of X-chromosomeinactivation (XCI). Which step plays a key role in choosing whichof the X chromosomes will remain active and which will beinactivated?