Normal inheritance Incomplete dominance Codominance Dominant epistasis Recessive epistasis Sex linkage

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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in a specific dihybrid cross, the F2 phenotypic ratio is 12:3:1. What is the most likely explanation for this distribution of offspring? And please explain how you got the answer in a small summory for me to understand and learn.

**Genetics Inheritance Patterns**

This section provides an overview of various inheritance patterns observed in genetics. Here are the seven distinct types:

1. **Normal Inheritance**
   - Typically refers to Mendelian inheritance where traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through dominant and recessive alleles.

2. **Incomplete Dominance**
   - A genetic scenario where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles. For example, crossing a red flower with a white flower might result in pink flowers.

3. **Codominance**
   - Both alleles in the genotype are equally expressed in the phenotype. An example is seen in human blood types where both A and B alleles are expressed in individuals with AB blood type.

4. **Dominant Epistasis**
   - One gene's dominant allele masks the effects of another gene. This can result in certain phenotypes being expressed over others despite the presence of other alleles.

5. **Recessive Epistasis**
   - A situation where the recessive alleles of one gene mask the effects of another gene. This is often observed in coat colors of animals.

6. **Sex Linkage**
   - Traits that are associated with genes located on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes). Examples are hemophilia and color blindness which are often X-linked traits.

7. **Genetic Linkage**
   - Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This can affect the pattern of inheritance observed for these genes.

Understanding these inheritance patterns helps in predicting genetic traits and understanding how various traits are passed down through generations.
Transcribed Image Text:**Genetics Inheritance Patterns** This section provides an overview of various inheritance patterns observed in genetics. Here are the seven distinct types: 1. **Normal Inheritance** - Typically refers to Mendelian inheritance where traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through dominant and recessive alleles. 2. **Incomplete Dominance** - A genetic scenario where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles. For example, crossing a red flower with a white flower might result in pink flowers. 3. **Codominance** - Both alleles in the genotype are equally expressed in the phenotype. An example is seen in human blood types where both A and B alleles are expressed in individuals with AB blood type. 4. **Dominant Epistasis** - One gene's dominant allele masks the effects of another gene. This can result in certain phenotypes being expressed over others despite the presence of other alleles. 5. **Recessive Epistasis** - A situation where the recessive alleles of one gene mask the effects of another gene. This is often observed in coat colors of animals. 6. **Sex Linkage** - Traits that are associated with genes located on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes). Examples are hemophilia and color blindness which are often X-linked traits. 7. **Genetic Linkage** - Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This can affect the pattern of inheritance observed for these genes. Understanding these inheritance patterns helps in predicting genetic traits and understanding how various traits are passed down through generations.
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