No. 2. A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at end A and supported by two cables at points B and C (see figure). The cable at B has nominal diameter dB =12 mm and the cable at C has nominal diameter dC = 20 mm. A load P acts at end D of the bar. What is the allowable load P if the temperature rises by 60°C and each cable is required to have a factor of safety of at least 5 against its ultimate load? Note: The cables have effective modulus of elasticity E= 140 GPa and coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6/"C. The ultimate tensile load for bars B and C are 102 kN and 231 kN, respectively.

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Estimating construction costs

The determination of the cost of various items that would be required to carry out a construction project successfully is termed the estimation of construction costs. For preparing an estimate, the quantities of the materials are calculated from the construction drawings or blueprint design using formulas, and using these quantities, the construction cost estimating is done. The estimation process can be manual or it can be computed using construction estimating softwares such as RSmeans, STACK, and ProEst.