Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
Related questions
Concept explainers
Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
Question
Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Monohalogenation in Radical Reactions**
**Objective:**
Predict the monohalogenation products of these radical reactions, indicating major and minor products.
---
**Explanation:**
Monohalogenation involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom in an organic compound with a halogen atom through radical mechanisms. In these types of reactions, understanding the stability of the resulting radicals is crucial to predicting the major and minor products.
1. **Radical Formation:**
- The initiation step involves the homolytic cleavage of the halogen molecule (e.g., Cl<sub>2</sub> or Br<sub>2</sub>) to form two halogen radicals.
2. **Propagation Steps:**
- A hydrogen atom is abstracted from the alkane, creating an alkyl radical.
- The alkyl radical then reacts with another halogen molecule to form the monohalogenated product and regenerate the halogen radical.
3. **Product Distribution:**
- The major product is typically derived from the most stable radical intermediate. Stability is generally determined by factors such as the degree of substitution (tertiary > secondary > primary) and resonance stabilization.
Understanding these principles allows for accurate predictions of product distribution in monohalogenation reactions.
Transcribed Image Text:The image illustrates two chemical reactions involving the bromination of an alkenyl benzene (styrene-like) compound.
1. **Top Reaction:**
- The chemical structure shows an alkene group attached to a benzene ring.
- The reaction conditions are NBS (N-Bromosuccinimide) and light (hv).
- This is a free radical bromination reaction typical of allylic bromination, where NBS is used as a bromine source.
2. **Bottom Reaction:**
- The chemical structure is identical to the one above.
- The reaction conditions are Br₂ (bromine) with ROOR (a peroxide initiator).
- This setup suggests a radical chain reaction, presumably leading to anti-Markovnikov addition or allylic bromination of the compound.
Both reactions utilize radical initiators and highlight different conditions for achieving bromination. The peroxide in the second reaction indicates that it uses radical conditions under thermal initiation.
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution!
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 4 images
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9780078021558
Author:
Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305079373
Author:
William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781118431221
Author:
Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard
Publisher:
WILEY