Name ID# 3) An allele is a particular variation of a gene that determines the genetic makeup of an organism. Con- sider cases with two possible allele types (phenotypes) carrying certain trait. With two phenotypes (for example left or right handed): there is a dominant allele A (carries dominant trait: right-handedness) and a recessive allele a (carries recessive trait). In each cell, chromosomes come in pairs, so the possi- ble combinations (genotypes) are: AA, Aa = aA, and aa. If p denotes the frequency of A and frequency of a, the Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that p+q =1= (p+q)² = p² + q² + 2pq = 1. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem for three phenotypes. There are three blood type phenotypes A, B and O that determine nine possible genotypes AA, AO = 0A, BB, BO = OB, AB = BA, and OO. The alleles A and B are dominant over 0, so a person with AO = O A will display trait carried by A. This person is said to have blood type A. Someone with AA is said to have blood type A as well. Similarly, a person has blood type B if any of the combinations BB or B0 = OB occur. Someone has blood type AB if the combination AB = BA occurs. The alleles A and B are "equally strong" so this combination yields a new blood type different from both A and B. Finally, a person has blood type O if the combination 00 occurs. Thus, nine possible genotypes determine four possible phenotypes. If q and r denote the frequencies of A, B and 0 respectively, the The Hardy Weinberg Theorem states that p+ q +r =1= (p+q+r)² = p² + q² + r2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr = 1. the P, Blood Type World Frequency | 45% | 40% А B АВ 11% 4% The term homozygous refer to a person having two identical alleles, and the term heterozy- gous refer to a person having two different alleles. Thus the proportion of homozygous individuals is HO = p² + q² + r² and proportion of heterozygous individuals is HE = 2pq + 2pr + 2qr. Use Lagrange Multipliers, given that p+ q + r =1 to • find the maximum and minimum proportions of homozygous individuals • find the maximum and minimum proportions of heterozygous individuals
Name ID# 3) An allele is a particular variation of a gene that determines the genetic makeup of an organism. Con- sider cases with two possible allele types (phenotypes) carrying certain trait. With two phenotypes (for example left or right handed): there is a dominant allele A (carries dominant trait: right-handedness) and a recessive allele a (carries recessive trait). In each cell, chromosomes come in pairs, so the possi- ble combinations (genotypes) are: AA, Aa = aA, and aa. If p denotes the frequency of A and frequency of a, the Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that p+q =1= (p+q)² = p² + q² + 2pq = 1. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem for three phenotypes. There are three blood type phenotypes A, B and O that determine nine possible genotypes AA, AO = 0A, BB, BO = OB, AB = BA, and OO. The alleles A and B are dominant over 0, so a person with AO = O A will display trait carried by A. This person is said to have blood type A. Someone with AA is said to have blood type A as well. Similarly, a person has blood type B if any of the combinations BB or B0 = OB occur. Someone has blood type AB if the combination AB = BA occurs. The alleles A and B are "equally strong" so this combination yields a new blood type different from both A and B. Finally, a person has blood type O if the combination 00 occurs. Thus, nine possible genotypes determine four possible phenotypes. If q and r denote the frequencies of A, B and 0 respectively, the The Hardy Weinberg Theorem states that p+ q +r =1= (p+q+r)² = p² + q² + r2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr = 1. the P, Blood Type World Frequency | 45% | 40% А B АВ 11% 4% The term homozygous refer to a person having two identical alleles, and the term heterozy- gous refer to a person having two different alleles. Thus the proportion of homozygous individuals is HO = p² + q² + r² and proportion of heterozygous individuals is HE = 2pq + 2pr + 2qr. Use Lagrange Multipliers, given that p+ q + r =1 to • find the maximum and minimum proportions of homozygous individuals • find the maximum and minimum proportions of heterozygous individuals
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Transcribed Image Text:Name
ID#
3) An allele is a particular variation of a gene that determines the genetic makeup of an organism. Con-
sider cases with two possible allele types (phenotypes) carrying certain trait. With two phenotypes (for
example left or right handed): there is a dominant allele A (carries dominant trait: right-handedness)
and a recessive allele a (carries recessive trait). In each cell, chromosomes come in pairs, so the possi-
ble combinations (genotypes) are: AA, Aa = aA, and aa. If p denotes the frequency of A and q the
frequency of a, the Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that p+ q =1= (p+q)² = p² + q² + 2pq =1.
Hardy-Weinberg Theorem for three phenotypes. There are three blood type phenotypes A,
B and O that determine nine possible genotypes AA, AO = OA, BB, BO = OB, AB = BA, and 00.
The alleles A and B are dominant over O, so a person with AO = OA will display trait carried by A.
This person is said to have blood type A. Someone with AA is said to have blood type A as well.
Similarly, a person has blood type B if any of the combinations BB or BO = OB occur. Someone has
blood type AB if the combination AB = BA occurs. The alleles A and B are "equally strong" so this
combination yields a new blood type different from both A and B. Finally, a person has blood type O
if the combination 00 occurs. Thus, nine possible genotypes determine four possible phenotypes. If p,
q and r denote the frequencies of A, B and O respectively, the The Hardy Weinberg Theorem states
that p+q+r = 1= (p+q + r)² = p² + q² + r2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr = 1.
Blood Type
A
В
АВ
World Frequency 45% 40%
11%
4%
The term homozygous refer to a person having two identical alleles, and the term heterozy-
gous refer to a person having two different alleles. Thus the proportion of homozygous individuals is
HO = p? + q? + r² and proportion of heterozygous individuals is HE = 2pq + 2pr + 2qr.
Use Lagrange Multipliers, given that p+q+ r = 1 to
• find the maximum and minimum proportions of homozygous individuals
• find the maximum and minimum proportions of heterozygous individuals
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