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Introductory Chemistry For Today

Introductory Chemistry For Today

8th Edition

ISBN:9781285644561

Author:Seager

Publisher:Seager

Chapter11: Organic Compounds: Alkanes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 11.16E

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n
Which of the following diagrams represents a carbon atom that is sp³ hybridized?
A.
B.
NNNN
C.
D.
D
ABC
N

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What hybridization is required for central atoms that have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs? A trigonal planar arrangement of electron pairs? A linear arrangement of e lectron pairs? How many unhybridized p atomic orbitals are present when a central atom exhibits tetrahedral geometry? Trigonal planar geometry? Linear geometry? What are the unhybridized p atomic orbitals used for? Describe the bonding in H2S, CH4, H2CO, and HCN, using the localized electron model.
7.57 What observation about molecules compels us to consider the hybridization of atomic orbitals?
Give the shape that describes each hybrid orbital set: (a) sp2 (b) sp3d (c) sp (d) sp3d2
Lets look more closely at the process of hybridization. (a) What is the relationship between the number of hybrid orbitals produced and the number of atomic orbitals used to create them? (b) Do hybrid atomic orbitals form between different p orbitals without involving 5 orbitals? (c) What is the relationship between the energy of hybrid atomic orbitals and the atomic orbitals from which they are formed?
Numerous molecules are detected in deep space. Three of them are illustrated here. (a) Are these compounds isomers? (b) Indicate the hybridization of each C atom in each molecule. (c) What is the value of the HCH angle in each of the three molecules? (d) Which of these molecules is/are polar? (e) Which molecule should have the strongest carbon-carbon bond? The strongest carbon-oxygen bond?
7.59 What type of hybrid orbital is generated by combining the valence s orbital and all three valence p orbitals of an atom? How many hybrid orbitals result?
Consider acetyl salicylic acid, better known as aspirin. Its structure is (a) How many sigma and pi bonds are there in aspirin? (b) What are the approximate values of the angles marked (in blue) A, B, and C? (c) What is the hybridization of each atom marked (in red) 1, 2, and 3?
• explain how hybridization reconciles observed molecular shapes with the orbital overlap model.
Which of the following molecules or ions are para-magnetic? What is the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in each one? Assume the molecular orbital diagram in Figure 9.16 applies to all of them. (a) NO (b) OF (c) O22 (d) Ne2+
What hybrid orbitals would be expected for the central atom in each of the following molecules or ions?
In propene CH3CH=CH2, the first carbon has sp3 hybrid orbitals and the second carbon has sp2 hybrid orbitals. These orbitals interact to make a bond. Why are these hybrid orbitals not orthogonal?
Methylcyanoacrylate is the active ingredient in super glues. Its Lewis structure is (a) How many sigma bonds are in the molecule? (b) How many pi bonds are in the molecule? (c) What is the hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to nitrogen? (d) What is the hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to oxygen? (e) What is the hybridization of the double-bonded oxygen?

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