Mutation rate is higher at synonymous sites than at nonsynonymous sites Synonymous sites 3.0 2.0 1.0 Nonsynonymous sites 1 3 Divergence time (x 10º) FIGURE 20-8 The amount of ure of purifying selec- how that synonymous ; they show that these nutations that change o effect on the amino nucleotide divergence at synonymous sites is greater than the amount of divergence at nonsynonymous sites of the B-globin gene. Number of substitutions per nucleotide

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.