Mixed together met- blo- thr leu thr and met* blo * thr-leu- thi- met- blo- thr leu thi met bio thr-leu- thi- 10 cells 10 cells 10 cells Nutrient agar plates lacking amino acids, biotin, and thlamine No colonles Bacterlal colonles No colonies Experiment of Lederberg and Tatum demonstrating genetic transfer during conjugation in E. coli. When plated on a growth medium lacking amino acids, biotin, and thiamine, the met- bio- thr+ leu+ thi+ and met+ bio+ thr- leu- thi- strains were unable to grow. However, if the two strains were mixed together and then plated, some colonies were observed. These colonies were due to the transfer of genetic material between these two strains by conjugation. Note: In bacteria, it is common to give genes a three-letter name (shown in italics) that is related to the function of the gene. A plus superscript (+) indicates a functional gene, and a minus superscript (-) indicates a mutation that has caused the gene or gene product to be inactive. In some cases, several genes have related functions. These may have the same three-letter name followed by different capital letters. For example, different genes involved with 1leucine biosynthesis may be called leuA, leuB, leuc, and so on. In the experiment described here, the genes involved in leucine biosynthesis were not distinguished, so the gene is simply referred to asleu+ (for a functional gene) and leu- (for a nonfunctional gene).

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A: Bacterial replication with diagram

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Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.