Material Young's modulus Bulk modulus Shear modulus х 1010 Ра x 101º Pa х 1010 Ра Aluminum 7.0 7.5 2.5 Bone (tension) 1.6 0.8 8.0 Bone (compression) 0.9 Brass 9.0 6.0 3.5 Brick 1.5 Concrete 2.0 Copper 11.0 14.0 4.4 Crown glass 6.0 5.0 2.5 Granite 4.5 4.5 2.0 Hair (human) 1.0 Hardwood 1.5 1.0 Iron 21.0 16.0 7.7 Lead 1.6 4.1 0.6 Marble 6.0 7.0 2.0 Nickel 21.0 17.0 7.8 Polystyrene 3.0 Silk 6.0 Spider thread 3.0 Steel 20.0 16.0 7.5 Acetone 0.07 Ethanol 0.09 Glycerin 0.45 Mercury 2.5 Water 0.22 Table 12.1 Approximate Elastic Moduli for Selected Materials

Material Young's modulus Bulk modulus Shear modulus х 1010 Ра x 101º Pa х 1010 Ра Aluminum 7.0 7.5 2.5 Bone (tension) 1.6 0.8 8.0 Bone (compression) 0.9 Brass 9.0 6.0 3.5 Brick 1.5 Concrete 2.0 Copper 11.0 14.0 4.4 Crown glass 6.0 5.0 2.5 Granite 4.5 4.5 2.0 Hair (human) 1.0 Hardwood 1.5 1.0 Iron 21.0 16.0 7.7 Lead 1.6 4.1 0.6 Marble 6.0 7.0 2.0 Nickel 21.0 17.0 7.8 Polystyrene 3.0 Silk 6.0 Spider thread 3.0 Steel 20.0 16.0 7.5 Acetone 0.07 Ethanol 0.09 Glycerin 0.45 Mercury 2.5 Water 0.22 Table 12.1 Approximate Elastic Moduli for Selected Materials

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

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Concept explainers

Properties of Fluids

The term fluid represents a type of substance that can easily change its shape under any external pressure/force and can flow. Fluids can acquire any shape in which it is stored and can resist normal stresses but cannot resist shear stress in rest condition. Whenever external shear stress is applied to fluids, it starts to flow. The fluids may be liquid or gas. Example- water, air, etc.

Question

Discuss how you might measure the bulk modulus of a liquid.

Material
Young's modulus
Bulk modulus
Shear modulus
х 1010 Ра
x 101º Pa
х 1010 Ра
Aluminum
7.0
7.5
2.5
Bone (tension)
1.6
0.8
8.0
Bone (compression)
0.9
Brass
9.0
6.0
3.5
Brick
1.5
Concrete
2.0
Copper
11.0
14.0
4.4
Crown glass
6.0
5.0
2.5
Granite
4.5
4.5
2.0
Hair (human)
1.0
Hardwood
1.5
1.0
Iron
21.0
16.0
7.7
Lead
1.6
4.1
0.6
Marble
6.0
7.0
2.0
Nickel
21.0
17.0
7.8
Polystyrene
3.0
Silk
6.0
Spider thread
3.0
Steel
20.0
16.0
7.5
Acetone
0.07
Ethanol
0.09
Glycerin
0.45
Mercury
2.5
Water
0.22
Table 12.1 Approximate Elastic Moduli for Selected Materials

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