"Marriage precedes all other duties of life. The different kinds of marriage are: • the giving in marriage of a bride with a dowry... • the giving in marriage of a bride in exchange for a couple of cows • the giving in marriage of a bride to a priest • the voluntary union of a maiden and her lover • the giving in marriage of a bride after receiving plenty of wealth from the groom's family Of these, the first three are ancestral customs of old and are valid on their being approved of by the father of the bride. The rest are to be sanctioned by both the father and the mother.... Any kind of marriage [that meets the above conditions] is approvable.... Sons begotten by men of higher caste and women of lower caste are considered to be of mixed caste. Sons begotten by men of lower caste and women of higher caste originate on account of kings violating all norms of proper behavior." Arthashastra, a legal and political treatise produced for Chandragupta, a Hindu ruler of the Mauryan dynasty in India, circa 300 B.C.E. Compared to the regulations in the excerpt, Buddhist practices concerning gender roles in the period 600 C.E. to 600 B.C.E. differed in that they (A) rejected the validity of marriage as an institution (B) offered women and men the possibility of monastic life as an alternative to marriage (C) gave the bride's mother, rather than the father, the primary role in making marriage decisions (D) asserted that only marriages based on the free choice of both spouses were valid

"Marriage precedes all other duties of life. The different kinds of marriage are: • the giving in marriage of a bride with a dowry... • the giving in marriage of a bride in exchange for a couple of cows • the giving in marriage of a bride to a priest • the voluntary union of a maiden and her lover • the giving in marriage of a bride after receiving plenty of wealth from the groom's family Of these, the first three are ancestral customs of old and are valid on their being approved of by the father of the bride. The rest are to be sanctioned by both the father and the mother.... Any kind of marriage [that meets the above conditions] is approvable.... Sons begotten by men of higher caste and women of lower caste are considered to be of mixed caste. Sons begotten by men of lower caste and women of higher caste originate on account of kings violating all norms of proper behavior." Arthashastra, a legal and political treatise produced for Chandragupta, a Hindu ruler of the Mauryan dynasty in India, circa 300 B.C.E. Compared to the regulations in the excerpt, Buddhist practices concerning gender roles in the period 600 C.E. to 600 B.C.E. differed in that they (A) rejected the validity of marriage as an institution (B) offered women and men the possibility of monastic life as an alternative to marriage (C) gave the bride's mother, rather than the father, the primary role in making marriage decisions (D) asserted that only marriages based on the free choice of both spouses were valid

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**Text from Arthashastra:**

"Marriage precedes all other duties of life. The different kinds of marriage are:
- the giving in marriage of a bride with a dowry...
- the giving in marriage of a bride in exchange for a couple of cows
- the giving in marriage of a bride to a priest
- the voluntary union of a maiden and her lover
- the giving in marriage of a bride after receiving plenty of wealth from the groom's family

Of these, the first three are ancestral customs of old and are valid on their being approved of by the father of the bride. The rest are to be sanctioned by both the father and the mother... Any kind of marriage [that meets the above conditions] is approvable...

Sons begotten by men of higher caste and women of lower caste are considered to be of mixed caste. Sons begotten by men of lower caste and women of higher caste originate on account of kings violating all norms of proper behavior."

**Source: Arthashastra**, a legal and political treatise produced for Chandragupta, a Hindu ruler of the Mauryan dynasty in India, circa 300 B.C.E.

**Comparison with Buddhist Practices:**

Compared to the regulations in the excerpt, Buddhist practices concerning gender roles in the period 600 C.E. to 600 B.C.E. differed in that they:

(A) rejected the validity of marriage as an institution

(B) offered women and men the possibility of monastic life as an alternative to marriage

(C) gave the bride’s mother, rather than the father, the primary role in making marriage decisions

(D) asserted that only marriages based on the free choice of both spouses were valid

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