Learning Goal: To use electronegativity or metal versus nonmetal classifications to distinguish covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds. When two bonded atoms attract electrons with equal strength, the result is a nonpolar covalent bond. A polar covalent bond is one in which the electrons are unequally shared between the atoms. An ionic bond results when the sharing is so unequal that fully charged ions form. Electronegativity difference can be used to predict bond type. If electronegativities differ by more than 2 units, the bond is substantially ionic; if they differ by less than 2 units, the bond is polar covalent; and if the values are eq
Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
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