The table below is from a study called “The Epidemiology of Social Stress.” The researchers in this study conduct a series of statistical tests to shed light on the association between social status variables (IVs) and depression (DVs). The left-hand column shows the tests for mean depressive symptom scores (Number of symptoms reported [range:0-50], higher levels indicate higher number of reported depressive symptoms) by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. The right-hand column shows the tests for prevalence of major depressive disorder (has major depression=1; does not have major depression=0), broken down by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. Examine the table and answer questions a)At alpha=.05, what can you conclude about the association between marital status and mean depressive symptom scores? Briefly summarize the findings, and provide a plausible, logical explanation (theory) for the observed association (or lack thereof). b)At alpha =.001, is there a significant association between occupational status and major depressive disorder? Briefly summarize the nature of the association (or lack thereof). What is a plausible, logical, explanation for this finding? Table 1. Mean Depressive Symptom Scores and One-Year Prevalence Rates for Major DepressiveDisorder by Social Status Variables: Residents of Toronto, Ontario, Ages 18-55, 1990–1991One-Year PrevalenceRate of Major DepressiveMean DepressiveSocial Status Variables Symptom ScoreDisorder" (Percent)N°N°SexMale10.216037.7604Female13.1078812,9789p-value“<.001.002Age18-2515.1430418.430426-3510.924709.847136-4511.093937.239346-559.152244.7225p-value“<.001<.001Marital StatusMarried9.986736.6675Previously marriedNever married14.2217111.517113.7054715.8547p-value“<.001<.001Occupational PrestigeMajor professionalLesser professionalMinor professional9.161584.118810.533177.5317I1.142578.6258Clerical/sales13.3637814.2378Skilled/manual10.41974.998Semi skilled/unskilled14.2416518.3165p-valued<.001<.001Total11.791,39110.61,393* Depressive symptom score is the score on the CES-D (Radloff 1977).Rates of major depressive disorder are based on diagnostic algorithms derived from the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association 1987, vers. 3 rev.) and appliedto responses measured using the Michigan revision of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI) (WHO 1990).* Nineteen cases are missing for the occupation categories, and two additional cases are missing for theCES-D measure, due to nonresponses to the relevant questions.

Given: The results given are shown below .

Answered: le below is from a study called “The…

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The table below is from a study called “The Epidemiology of Social Stress.” The researchers in this study conduct a series of statistical tests to shed light on the association between social status variables (IVs) and depression (DVs). The left-hand column shows the tests for mean depressive symptom scores (Number of symptoms reported [range:0-50], higher levels indicate higher number of reported depressive symptoms) by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. The right-hand column shows the tests for prevalence of major depressive disorder (has major depression=1; does not have major depression=0), broken down by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. Examine the table and answer questions

a)At alpha=.05, what can you conclude about the association between marital status and mean depressive symptom scores? Briefly summarize the findings, and provide a plausible, logical explanation (theory) for the observed association (or lack thereof).

b)At alpha =.001, is there a significant association between occupational status and major depressive disorder? Briefly summarize the nature of the association (or lack thereof). What is a plausible, logical, explanation for this finding?

Table 1. Mean Depressive Symptom Scores and One-Year Prevalence Rates for Major Depressive
Disorder by Social Status Variables: Residents of Toronto, Ontario, Ages 18-55, 1990–1991
One-Year Prevalence
Rate of Major Depressive
Mean Depressive
Social Status Variables Symptom Score
Disorder" (Percent)
N°
N°
Sex
Male
10.21
603
7.7
604
Female
13.10
788
12,9
789
p-value“
<.001
.002
Age
18-25
15.14
304
18.4
304
26-35
10.92
470
9.8
471
36-45
11.09
393
7.2
393
46-55
9.15
224
4.7
225
p-value“
<.001
<.001
Marital Status
Married
9.98
673
6.6
675
Previously married
Never married
14.22
171
11.5
171
13.70
547
15.8
547
p-value“
<.001
<.001
Occupational Prestige
Major professional
Lesser professional
Minor professional
9.16
158
4.1
188
10.53
317
7.5
317
I1.14
257
8.6
258
Clerical/sales
13.36
378
14.2
378
Skilled/manual
10.41
97
4.9
98
Semi skilled/unskilled
14.24
165
18.3
165
p-valued
<.001
<.001
Total
11.79
1,391
10.6
1,393
* Depressive symptom score is the score on the CES-D (Radloff 1977).
Rates of major depressive disorder are based on diagnostic algorithms derived from the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association 1987, vers. 3 rev.) and applied
to responses measured using the Michigan revision of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview
(CIDI) (WHO 1990).
* Nineteen cases are missing for the occupation categories, and two additional cases are missing for the
CES-D measure, due to nonresponses to the relevant questions.

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...

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