Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.
Glucogenesis
Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,
![**Reaction Profile for Ca(OH)₂ + 2HBr → CaBr₂ + 2H₂O**
This image depicts a reaction profile that indicates the energy changes during the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid to form calcium bromide and water.
**Graph Explanation:**
- **Axes:**
- The vertical axis represents Energy (E) in kilojoules (kJ).
- The horizontal axis represents the Reaction Coordinate, which shows the progress of the reaction from reactants to products.
- **Curve Description:**
- The reaction starts with the energy level of the reactants, Ca(OH)₂ + 2HBr.
- The curve rises to a peak, representing the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. This peak is labeled as 161 kJ.
- The curve then drops down to a lower energy level for the products, CaBr₂ + 2H₂O.
- **Energy Changes:**
- The activation energy is marked by the rise from the reactants' energy level to the top of the curve (161 kJ).
- The energy difference between the reactants and products is marked as 71 kJ.
**Additional Information:**
- The reaction involves an **exothermic** transformation.
- Boxes are provided for input:
- The value of the activation energy for this reaction is [161 kJ].
- The value of ΔH (change in enthalpy) is [71 kJ].
This graph visually shows how the energy changes throughout the reaction and the energy requirements to achieve the final products.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe19fa2ed-8566-4b3b-96d0-3591866fab62%2F8117639f-db8d-4333-84d9-70123810c1b0%2Fq1lx1ya_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Heat of reaction is defined as difference of energy of product and energy of Reactant.
If heat of reaction is negative then process is exothermic or Heat is releasing and if heat of reaction is positive then process is endothermic or Heat is absorbing.
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