IT'S ALL IN THE SHAPE: Covalent Bonding and Molecular Geometry This activity explores covalent bonding and how interactions among electron pairs affect the geometry of a molecule. (This lab is developed for distance leaming. Therefore, please follow the directions as it explains before you complete the post lab questions) PRE-LAB QUERIES Some Preliminary Information Gathering Before we can uncover the molecular geometry of a molecule we need to gather information about the composition and covalent bonding in the molecule. Useful information will be the Lewis dot structure (or diagram) and a structural formula. The Lewis dot structure shows the arrangement of electrons around a central atom and the atoms attached it. The structural formula supplies the same information but uses lines to represent pairs of bonded electrons. Here are two examples of molecules with Lewis dot structures and the structural formulas. Molecule Chemical Formula Lewis Dot Structure Structural Formula hydrogen sulfide H,S H:S:H H. H. ethene C,H4 нн H:C::C: H H -
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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