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Isthenia gravis, you have to understand the chain of events from the conscious decision to move a limb to the eventual stimulation of a muscle cell. Describe how nerve impulse conducted down the axon of a motor neuron induce contraction of the Mr. Aletha's muscle cells (Figure 31.1). 2. If you want to lift a whole bag of groceries versus a single apple, how do you increase the force with which you contract a muscle such as your biceps? What is a motor unit? What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation? 3. What is the neurotransmitter that acts at the motor endplate to initiate muscle contraction?

Isthenia gravis, you have to understand the chain of events from the conscious decision to move a limb to the eventual stimulation of a muscle cell. Describe how nerve impulse conducted down the axon of a motor neuron induce contraction of the Mr. Aletha's muscle cells (Figure 31.1). 2. If you want to lift a whole bag of groceries versus a single apple, how do you increase the force with which you contract a muscle such as your biceps? What is a motor unit? What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation? 3. What is the neurotransmitter that acts at the motor endplate to initiate muscle contraction?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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**Transcription for Educational Use:** 1. To understand myasthenia gravis, you have to understand the chain of events from the conscious decision to move a limb to the eventual stimulation of a muscle cell. Describe how nerve impulse conducted down the axon of a motor neuron induce contraction of the Mr. Aletha’s muscle cells (Figure 31.1). 2. If you want to lift a whole bag of groceries versus a single apple, how do you increase the force with which you contract a muscle such as your biceps? What is a motor unit? What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation? 3. What is the neurotransmitter that acts at the motor endplate to initiate muscle contraction? 4. Muscle cells are full of the actin and myosin proteins. a. Briefly describe the arrangement of the actin and myosin molecules within the cell. How does the interaction between actin and myosin result in shortening of the muscle cell? b. Which molecule provides the energy to break the actin-myosin bond? c. Would the muscle be able to contract if they run out of energy? Explain why. d. What happens to muscles in the case of death? Why do the muscles stay in contracted state and relax only after a certain period of time? 5. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune cells attack and destroy the acetylcholine (Ach) receptors in the motor end plates of muscles in the shoulder, neck, and face. When muscle do not contracts. Muscle atrophy (loss of muscle mass) is caused by not using the muscles enough. Why would Mr. Aletha experience a progressive weakening even if he tries to do more exercise? 6. Do aerobic (endurance) and resistance exercises produce the same effect on muscles? How do endurance and anaerobic exercises normally enhance your ability to contract muscles? **Graph/Diagram Explanation:** No graphs or diagrams are included in the image.
Transcribed Image Text:**Transcription for Educational Use:** 1. To understand myasthenia gravis, you have to understand the chain of events from the conscious decision to move a limb to the eventual stimulation of a muscle cell. Describe how nerve impulse conducted down the axon of a motor neuron induce contraction of the Mr. Aletha’s muscle cells (Figure 31.1). 2. If you want to lift a whole bag of groceries versus a single apple, how do you increase the force with which you contract a muscle such as your biceps? What is a motor unit? What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation? 3. What is the neurotransmitter that acts at the motor endplate to initiate muscle contraction? 4. Muscle cells are full of the actin and myosin proteins. a. Briefly describe the arrangement of the actin and myosin molecules within the cell. How does the interaction between actin and myosin result in shortening of the muscle cell? b. Which molecule provides the energy to break the actin-myosin bond? c. Would the muscle be able to contract if they run out of energy? Explain why. d. What happens to muscles in the case of death? Why do the muscles stay in contracted state and relax only after a certain period of time? 5. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune cells attack and destroy the acetylcholine (Ach) receptors in the motor end plates of muscles in the shoulder, neck, and face. When muscle do not contracts. Muscle atrophy (loss of muscle mass) is caused by not using the muscles enough. Why would Mr. Aletha experience a progressive weakening even if he tries to do more exercise? 6. Do aerobic (endurance) and resistance exercises produce the same effect on muscles? How do endurance and anaerobic exercises normally enhance your ability to contract muscles? **Graph/Diagram Explanation:** No graphs or diagrams are included in the image.
**Text Transcription:** Shirley was assigned to take Mr. Aletha to physical therapy. She helped Mr. Aletha into the wheelchair and took him down the hallway to the room where he was to receive strengthening exercises for his generalized muscle weakness. Mr. Aletha told Shirley that he often felt okay at the beginning of his therapy session but became weaker as the session progressed. Mr. Aletha was in the hospital because of this perplexing problem. One day Shirley went to Mr. Aletha’s room to take him to therapy, but Mr. Aletha told her that the sessions were canceled: The therapy would not help his condition because he had myasthenia gravis. Shirley had heard about this disease but did not understand the physiology. She went to her anatomy text and began to read the chapters on muscle contraction and nerve transmission. Help her answer the following questions so she can put this puzzling disease in perspective. **Diagram Explanation:** The diagram illustrates the connection between a motor neuron and muscle fibers, crucial for understanding muscle contraction and nerve transmission. It contains the following elements: 1. **Motor Neuron**: Depicted with branching dendrites, leading to the neuron’s axon. 2. **Synaptic End Bulb**: At the end of the neuron’s axon, where the action potential arrives. 3. **Synaptic Vesicles**: Within the synaptic end bulb, these contain neurotransmitters. 4. **Synaptic Cleft**: The gap between the neuron’s synaptic end bulb and the muscle fiber. 5. **Motor End Plate**: Part of the muscle fiber, which contains neurotransmitter receptors. 6. **Muscle Fibers**: Shown connected to the motor end plate, indicating where muscle contraction occurs. 7. **Voltage-gated Ca++ Channels**: Located in the motor end plate, essential for initiating neurotransmitter release. This diagram is key for understanding how nerve impulses are transmitted to muscle fibers, a process affected by conditions like myasthenia gravis.
Transcribed Image Text:**Text Transcription:** Shirley was assigned to take Mr. Aletha to physical therapy. She helped Mr. Aletha into the wheelchair and took him down the hallway to the room where he was to receive strengthening exercises for his generalized muscle weakness. Mr. Aletha told Shirley that he often felt okay at the beginning of his therapy session but became weaker as the session progressed. Mr. Aletha was in the hospital because of this perplexing problem. One day Shirley went to Mr. Aletha’s room to take him to therapy, but Mr. Aletha told her that the sessions were canceled: The therapy would not help his condition because he had myasthenia gravis. Shirley had heard about this disease but did not understand the physiology. She went to her anatomy text and began to read the chapters on muscle contraction and nerve transmission. Help her answer the following questions so she can put this puzzling disease in perspective. **Diagram Explanation:** The diagram illustrates the connection between a motor neuron and muscle fibers, crucial for understanding muscle contraction and nerve transmission. It contains the following elements: 1. **Motor Neuron**: Depicted with branching dendrites, leading to the neuron’s axon. 2. **Synaptic End Bulb**: At the end of the neuron’s axon, where the action potential arrives. 3. **Synaptic Vesicles**: Within the synaptic end bulb, these contain neurotransmitters. 4. **Synaptic Cleft**: The gap between the neuron’s synaptic end bulb and the muscle fiber. 5. **Motor End Plate**: Part of the muscle fiber, which contains neurotransmitter receptors. 6. **Muscle Fibers**: Shown connected to the motor end plate, indicating where muscle contraction occurs. 7. **Voltage-gated Ca++ Channels**: Located in the motor end plate, essential for initiating neurotransmitter release. This diagram is key for understanding how nerve impulses are transmitted to muscle fibers, a process affected by conditions like myasthenia gravis.
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