Is this the correct phenotype frequency? Environment: Clean Forest Moths Released 810 190 1000 Typica Carbonaria Phenotype Frequency Typica Carbonaria Color Light Dark G₁ 405 72 G₂ 468 66 534 Initial Frequency 0.81 0.19 G₁ 569 64 633 G4 691 61 752 G₁ 857 56 013 Frequency G5 (Round to 2 decimal places) q 0.75
Gene Flow
Gene flow, also known as gene migration, is the introduction of genetic material from a particular population to another population of the same species through interbreeding. For example, a bee facilitates its reproductive process by carrying pollen from one flower to another. The flow alters the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population. It introduces new alleles within the population and helps increase variability. This exchange of genetic material occurs through reproduction and brings about new combinations of traits into the population. Where human beings are concerned, actual migration of populations, whether voluntary or forced, brings about gene flow.
Population Biology
Population biology is the study of patterns in organism populations, specifically the growth and management of population size, population genetics, the evolution of life history, species interactions, and demography.
Speciation
The process of speciation involves the formation of new species during evolution. The new species evolve in such a way that both new and old species are not able to interbreed. Thus, speciation occurs when few members of one species get separated from the main species due to geographical, mechanical, or reproductive isolation. These separated members develop new traits that make them different from the main species. In other words, speciation could be defined as the absence of gene flow between two populations that become new species.
Allele Fixation
A gene is a unit of heredity and contains both physical and functional information that shapes an individual. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carry genetic information from one generation to another, from one set of parents to their offspring, and so on. Every cell in a human body, or any living organism, has the same DNA, which implies that every cell in an individual’s body has all the information it needs to build and sustain the body!
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INTRODUCTION LABORATORY SIMULATION
Lab Data
Is this the correct phenotype frequency?
Environment: Clean Forest
Typica
Carbonaria
Total
Moths Released
Typica
Carbonaria
Allele Frequency
Phenotype Frequency
810
Moths
190
q²
Typica
2pq Carbonaria
p² Carbonaria
1000
Allele
q
P
Genotype Frequency
d
D
Color
Light
Dark
Genotype
dd
Dd
DD
Environment: Polluted Forest
Phenotype Frequency
Allele Frequency
Genotype Frequency
G₁
405
72
477
Color
G₂
Light
Dark
Dark
468
66
534
Initial Frequency
Initial Allele Frequency
0.90
0.10
0.81
180
0.19
Moths
Released
810
10
G3
569
64
633
Initial
Frequency
0.81
0.18
0.01
How to Calculate Phenotype Frequency
G4
691
61
752
o
0.75
764
Frequency Gs
...
56
- X
G5
857
Frequency G
(Round to 2 decimal places)
G5 Allele Frequency
(Round to 2 decimal places)
Number of
Moths G](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F17cd8a66-1f64-4a73-ab70-085988f61699%2F416c7a20-2f27-4556-937b-9e4c444127c1%2Ffaa47he_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![How to Calculate Phenotype Frequency
1) How to Calculate Genotypic Ratios
By using phenotypic ratios of a characteristic like math color in a parent population, we can
predict the genotypic ratios in the next generation. There are 3 genotypes present
.
Homozygous dominant (Carbonaria, DD) represented by the p value in the Hardy-
Weinberg equation.
▪ Homozygous recessive (Typica, do) represented by the of value in the Hardy
Weinberg aquation.
Heterozygous (Carbonaria, Da) is represented by the 200 value in the Hardy-Weinberg
equation.
2)
This shows a population where 20% of the moths have the dominant dark color
(Carbonaria) and 20% have a light color (Typica).
P Generation:
Phenotypic Ratio 20% Carbonarie
Allele Frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
P Generation:
3)
Using the phenotypic ratio, we can determine allele frequencies in the parental generation.
If the homozygous tralt (a) is 0.8 than a la 0.89.
Phenotypic Retic: 20% Carbonarie
Allele Frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Equation:
P Generation:
Allele Frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Phenotypic Ratio: 20% Carbonarie
D-011,
4)
Now that we know a la 0.89, pla 1.0-0.89. Therefore, p=0.11.
P Generation:
p²+210)q²-1
Allele Frequencies:
F, Generation Genotypes
Genotype Frequencies:
Hardy-Weinberg Equation:
ifa=0.8, then q
p2|pq) q-1
Phenotypic Ratio: 20% Carbonaria
D 0.11
P Generation:
5)
Now that we knowp-0.11 and 0-0.89 in the parental generation, we can plug these
numbers into the Hardy-Weinberg equation to predict the genotypic frequencies in the next
generation.
F Generation Genotypes:
Genotype Frequencies:
Hardy-Weinberg Equation:
HOA TY CH
DD
p+c-10
p+ 0.89-10 or p-1.0-0.89-0.m
p²2jpg) q-1
Phenotypic Retic 20% Carbonarie
Allele Frequencies
D=0.11
ĐƠN TY DỊCH
d-0.89
0.89
DD
B0% TY DICH
d-0.89
0.01
6)
Here we see that p² (homozygous dominant) la 0.01 and of (homozygous recessive) is
0.79. Lastly, 200 (heterozygous) is 0.20 as shown below.
BON. Typica
d=0.89
0.01
0.20
0.79
10.11 + 2(0.11 x 0.89) (0.899-10
0.01 +0.20 +0.79-1.0
p+21pq) q² =1
Dd
ĐỘNG TY DỊCH
d-0.80
dd
Dd
0.20
p²+20pql+q-1
X
dd
0.79](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F17cd8a66-1f64-4a73-ab70-085988f61699%2F416c7a20-2f27-4556-937b-9e4c444127c1%2Fvtg7v7h_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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