Introduction Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is a process to transform waste heat into useful work. This can be applied to various industrial processes, which produce waste heat over a wide range of temperatures [1]. In internal combustion engines, only 30-35% of the energy provided by fuel is converted to mechanical power, with the remaining two thirds of the fuel energy lost to the environment as heat via the coolant and exhaust gas [1]. Amongst different thermodynamic cycles, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as a viable technology for the WHR system. The ORC is the same as other conventional cycle energy systems (e.g. steam) but uses organic fluids such as refrigerants (e.g. R134a). Compared to the subcritical operating condition, the ORC system wringing under supercritical conditions has potential to improve the cycle thermal efficiencies up to 10-15%. Furthermore, the ORCS can be used in both mobile (e.g. trucks) and stationary applications (combined heat and power plants). ORC-WHR Figure 1 depicts an ORC-WHR system with multiple heat sources for stationary applications. The system has the capability of working in both subcritical and supercritical conditions. Liquid refrigerant at high pressure (state 3) goes through the three heat exchangers (state 4, 5 and 6). These heat exchanges are connected to three heat sources, which represent different (low, medium and high) grades waste heat available in industry. After the high-heat exchanger (state 6), the vapour refrigerant at high temperature and high pressure enters a turbine, which is connected to a generator and produces electricity. The refrigerant then goes into a regenerator (state 7). Here, the vapour refrigerant gives the remaining energy (which could not be extracted by the turbine) to the cold liquid refrigerant, which leaves the compressor (in process 2-3). A low temperature vapour then leaves the regenerator at state 8 and goes into a condenser, where it will be converted to liquid. Finally, the condensed liquid enters the compressor at state 1 and the cycle repeats. Heat source 3 Heat exchanger 3 Compressor 4 Heat source 2 Heat exchanger 2 Organic Rankine Cycle Condenser 2 Heat source 1 Heat exchanger 1 Regenerator Turbine Cooling water Figure 1 An ORC-WHR with multiple heat sources [1]. G Generator

Elements Of Electromagnetics
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Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
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please written solution by hand and how can com h6 and s6

when  T turbine inlet = 130 C  , P heat exchanger = 20 bar , P condenser = 5 bar    , Tw . cond out = 25 C       Tw cond in = 17.5 C 

efficiencies compressor = 67.5    efficiencies turbine = 78          m. refrig =0.4 kg/s 

      

Introduction
Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is a process to transform waste heat into useful work. This can
be applied to various industrial processes, which produce waste heat over a wide range of
temperatures [1]. In internal combustion engines, only 30-35% of the energy provided by fuel
is converted to mechanical power, with the remaining two thirds of the fuel energy lost to the
environment as heat via the coolant and exhaust gas [1]. Amongst different thermodynamic
cycles, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as a viable technology for the WHR
system. The ORC is the same as other conventional cycle energy systems (e.g. steam) but
uses organic fluids such as refrigerants (e.g. R134a). Compared to the subcritical operating
condition, the ORC system wringing under supercritical conditions has potential to improve
the cycle thermal efficiencies up to 10-15%. Furthermore, the ORCS can be used in both
mobile (e.g. trucks) and stationary applications (combined heat and power plants).
ORC-WHR
Figure 1 depicts an ORC-WHR system with multiple heat sources for stationary applications.
The system has the capability of working in both subcritical and supercritical conditions. Liquid
refrigerant at high pressure (state 3) goes through the three heat exchangers (state 4, 5 and
6). These heat exchanges are connected to three heat sources, which represent different (low,
medium and high) grades waste heat available in industry. After the high-heat exchanger
(state 6), the vapour refrigerant at high temperature and high pressure enters a turbine, which
is connected to a generator and produces electricity. The refrigerant then goes into a
regenerator (state 7). Here, the vapour refrigerant gives the remaining energy (which could
not be extracted by the turbine) to the cold liquid refrigerant, which leaves the compressor (in
process 2-3). A low temperature vapour then leaves the regenerator at state 8 and goes into
a condenser, where it will be converted to liquid. Finally, the condensed liquid enters the
compressor at state 1 and the cycle repeats.
1
Heat source 3
Heat
exchanger 3
Compressor
Heat source 2
Organic Rankine Cycle
Condenser
Heat
exchanger 2
Cooling water
8
Heat source 1
Heat
exchanger 1
Regenerator
(3)
Turbine
Figure 1 An ORC-WHR with multiple heat sources [1].
G
Generator
Transcribed Image Text:Introduction Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is a process to transform waste heat into useful work. This can be applied to various industrial processes, which produce waste heat over a wide range of temperatures [1]. In internal combustion engines, only 30-35% of the energy provided by fuel is converted to mechanical power, with the remaining two thirds of the fuel energy lost to the environment as heat via the coolant and exhaust gas [1]. Amongst different thermodynamic cycles, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as a viable technology for the WHR system. The ORC is the same as other conventional cycle energy systems (e.g. steam) but uses organic fluids such as refrigerants (e.g. R134a). Compared to the subcritical operating condition, the ORC system wringing under supercritical conditions has potential to improve the cycle thermal efficiencies up to 10-15%. Furthermore, the ORCS can be used in both mobile (e.g. trucks) and stationary applications (combined heat and power plants). ORC-WHR Figure 1 depicts an ORC-WHR system with multiple heat sources for stationary applications. The system has the capability of working in both subcritical and supercritical conditions. Liquid refrigerant at high pressure (state 3) goes through the three heat exchangers (state 4, 5 and 6). These heat exchanges are connected to three heat sources, which represent different (low, medium and high) grades waste heat available in industry. After the high-heat exchanger (state 6), the vapour refrigerant at high temperature and high pressure enters a turbine, which is connected to a generator and produces electricity. The refrigerant then goes into a regenerator (state 7). Here, the vapour refrigerant gives the remaining energy (which could not be extracted by the turbine) to the cold liquid refrigerant, which leaves the compressor (in process 2-3). A low temperature vapour then leaves the regenerator at state 8 and goes into a condenser, where it will be converted to liquid. Finally, the condensed liquid enters the compressor at state 1 and the cycle repeats. 1 Heat source 3 Heat exchanger 3 Compressor Heat source 2 Organic Rankine Cycle Condenser Heat exchanger 2 Cooling water 8 Heat source 1 Heat exchanger 1 Regenerator (3) Turbine Figure 1 An ORC-WHR with multiple heat sources [1]. G Generator
Case A
Consider the rig without a regenerator (state 7) where the flow goes directly from the
compressor (state 1) to heat exchanger 3 (state 4), then calculate the following:
i. thermal efficiency of the cycle
ii.
net power output
iii.
rate of heat transfer to the refrigerant in every heat exchanger
iv.
rate of heat transfer from refrigerant to the cooling water in the condenser
v. mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
Case B
Consider the rig as depicted in Figure 1, assuming that the temperature at state 3 is
10.5 °C higher than that at state 2, calculate the above parameters, from (i) to (v) in
Case A and determine if a regenerator (state 7) is required to improve the efficiency of
the system.
Transcribed Image Text:Case A Consider the rig without a regenerator (state 7) where the flow goes directly from the compressor (state 1) to heat exchanger 3 (state 4), then calculate the following: i. thermal efficiency of the cycle ii. net power output iii. rate of heat transfer to the refrigerant in every heat exchanger iv. rate of heat transfer from refrigerant to the cooling water in the condenser v. mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser Case B Consider the rig as depicted in Figure 1, assuming that the temperature at state 3 is 10.5 °C higher than that at state 2, calculate the above parameters, from (i) to (v) in Case A and determine if a regenerator (state 7) is required to improve the efficiency of the system.
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