INTRODUCTION:   In chemistry, neutralization occurs when an acid and a base react with each other. Most chemistry occurs in water (that is, is aqueous); under these circumstances, neutralization leads to water with no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions present. Neutralization can most simply be expressed as   acid + base → salt + water   For example,   HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O   The stoichiometry of the reaction depends

INTRODUCTION:

In chemistry, neutralization occurs when an acid and a base react with each other. Most chemistry occurs in water (that is, is aqueous); under these circumstances, neutralization leads to water with no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions present. Neutralization can most simply be expressed as

acid + base → salt + water

For example,

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

The stoichiometry of the reaction depends on how much hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion each reactant provides. In this case, each molecule of HCl provides one hydrogen ion, and each molecule of NaOH provides one hydroxide ion. The one hydrogen and one hydroxide ion combine to form one molecule of water.

For this assignment, suppose that you have been presented with several solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and some of the most popular bases for wastewater treatment: magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium oxide (CaO), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ammonia (NH₄OH). The neutralization reactions are as follows:

2HCl + Mg(OH)₂ → MgCl₂ + 2H₂O (1 mol of Mg(OH)₂ will neutralize 2 mol of HCl)

2HCl + CaCO₃ → CO₂ + CaCl₂ + H₂O (1 mol of CaCO₃ will neutralize 2 mol of HCl)

2HCl + CaO → CaCl₂ + H₂O (1 mol of CaO will neutralize 2 mol of HCl)

HCl + NaHCO₃ → CO₂ + H₂O + NaCl (1 mol of NaHCO₃ will neutralize 1 mol of HCl)

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O (1 mol of NaOH will neutralize 1 mol of HCl)

ASSIGNMENT:

Write a C program that calculates how much base is required to neutralize a solution of hydrochloric acid. For this program, start with a solution that contains 5 mol of HCl, incrementing by 5 mol of HCl, up to a final solution containing 20 mol of HCl. Let the HCl level be controlled by a while loop. Within the while loop, insert a for loop. This for loop should start at 1, increment to 5, and count up by 1. This loop will act as the acid “selector”. A value of 1 will be Mg(OH)₂, a value of 2 will be CaCO₃, a value of 3 will be CaO, a value of 4 will be NaHCO₃, and a value of 5 will be NaOH. For each of these bases, calculate how much mass is need to neutralize the hydrochloric acid. (Hint: this will likely be easiest to do with embedded if statements). The output should print as a table.

The following constants should be defined in preprocessor directives:

Molar mass of Mg(OH)₂           58.32

Molar mass of CaCO₃            100.09

Molar mass of CaO                 56.08

Molar mass of NaHCO₃         84.01

Molar mass of NaOH             40.00

Use the “Code Sections.c” template on Blackboard to write your code.

Your program output will look like the illustration shown below. Use your PC’s cursor to determine the horizontal and vertical spacing for the output format.

OUTPUT FORMAT:

********************************************

       NEUTRALIZING HYDROCHLORIC ACID

HCl Level = 5.0 mol

Base       Amount needed (g)

Mg(OH)2    xxxx.xx

CaCO3      xxxx.xx

CaO        xxxx.xx

NaHCO3     xxxx.xx

NaOH       xxxx.xx

HCl Level = 10.0 mol

Base       Amount needed (g)

Mg(OH)2    xxxx.xx

CaCO3      xxxx.xx

CaO        xxxx.xx

NaHCO3     xxxx.xx

NaOH       xxxx.xx

.                    .

.                    .

.                    .

********************************************

Pseudocode:

The following pseudocode may help you structure the nested while, for, and if structures.

while(moles of HCl <= 20)

   for(i)

      if(i=1)

         print that base is MgOH2

         print how many g of MgOH2 are required to neutralize HCl

      if(i=2)

         print that base is CaCO3

         print how many g of CaCO3 are required to neutralize HCl

      if(i=3)

         print that base is CaO

         print how many g of CaO are required to neutralize HCl

      if(i=4)

         print that base is NaHCO3

         print how many g of NaHCO3 are required to neutralize HCl

      if(i=5)

         print that base is NaOH

         print how many g of NaOH are required to neutralize HCl