Increasing the temperature of a semiconductor breaks covalent bonds. For each broken bond, two electrons become free to move and transfer electrical charge. What fraction of the total valance electrons are free to move and what fraction of the covalent bonds must be broken in order that 5×1015 electrons conduct electrical charge in 50 g of silicon

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Q: edge

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Crystalline Imperfections

The crystalline imperfections are described as the geometrical defects in the crystal due to incorrect arrangement of atoms, impurity, vacancy, and many more. It is not possible to achieve a perfect or ideal crystal, practically.