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In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is no adequate insulin release due to the loss of beta-cells of the pan- creas. Therefore, the only treatment is insulin injection, which is most commonly administered into the fat under the skin. Here it forms hexamers, which then dissociate to be absorbed into the blood stream. The graph shows the plasma level of three available insulins (1-3) after subcutaneous injection: 1. Human insulin produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombinant DNA technology. 2. An insulin analogue in which swapping one amino acid reduces dimer and hexamer formation. 3. An insulin analogue in which amino acid changes to the A and B chains change the molecule's isoelec- tric point from 5.7 to a more neutral pH. 4 6 8 10 12 16 24 Axis 1 Fig.2. Axis 1 = Time. Axis 2 = Relative plasma insulin level Axis 2

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is no adequate insulin release due to the loss of beta-cells of the pan- creas. Therefore, the only treatment is insulin injection, which is most commonly administered into the fat under the skin. Here it forms hexamers, which then dissociate to be absorbed into the blood stream. The graph shows the plasma level of three available insulins (1-3) after subcutaneous injection: 1. Human insulin produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombinant DNA technology. 2. An insulin analogue in which swapping one amino acid reduces dimer and hexamer formation. 3. An insulin analogue in which amino acid changes to the A and B chains change the molecule's isoelec- tric point from 5.7 to a more neutral pH. 4 6 8 10 12 16 24 Axis 1 Fig.2. Axis 1 = Time. Axis 2 = Relative plasma insulin level Axis 2

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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(human physiology)

1) Match the insulin types (1-3) with the plots (A-C)? Explain?

2) Oral administration (e.g. in the form of pills) of insulin and subcutaneous administration, which is more effective? Why?

3) Why are elderly, sedentary, obese and regular smokers at high risk of diabetes?

 

 

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is no adequate insulin release due to the loss of beta-cells of the pan- creas. Therefore, the only treatment is insulin injection, which is most commonly administered into the fat under the skin. Here it forms hexamers, which then dissociate to be absorbed into the blood stream. The graph shows the plasma level of three available insulins (1-3) after subcutaneous injection: 1. Human insulin produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombinant DNA technology. 2. An insulin analogue in which swapping one amino acid reduces dimer and hexamer formation. 3. An insulin analogue in which amino acid changes to the A and B chains change the molecule's isoelec- tric point from 5.7 to a more neutral pH. 4 6 8 10 12 16 24 Axis 1 Fig.2. Axis 1 = Time. Axis 2 = Relative plasma insulin level Axis 2
Transcribed Image Text:In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is no adequate insulin release due to the loss of beta-cells of the pan- creas. Therefore, the only treatment is insulin injection, which is most commonly administered into the fat under the skin. Here it forms hexamers, which then dissociate to be absorbed into the blood stream. The graph shows the plasma level of three available insulins (1-3) after subcutaneous injection: 1. Human insulin produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombinant DNA technology. 2. An insulin analogue in which swapping one amino acid reduces dimer and hexamer formation. 3. An insulin analogue in which amino acid changes to the A and B chains change the molecule's isoelec- tric point from 5.7 to a more neutral pH. 4 6 8 10 12 16 24 Axis 1 Fig.2. Axis 1 = Time. Axis 2 = Relative plasma insulin level Axis 2
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