2. In this question we will combine a very simplified model of an externality that has long-lasting impacts with the model of discounted utility that we learned in our game theory topic. Consider a hypothetical environmental externality: produced as the byproduct of industrial activity, each unit of emission of a pollutant that is emitted once, today, causes $10 of external harm to society each and every year, starting immediately, forever. Let's say that policymakers apply a discount factor of 8 € (0, 1) to future gains and losses, in an analog of the discounted utility model except for cash payoffs rather than utilities. What would the socially efficient Pigouvian tax on the emission of this pollutant be if we applied a discount factor of (i) 8 = 0.5, (ii) 6 = 0.9, and (iii) 8 = 0.99? Give an intuitive explanation of how to interpret the parameter & in this context, and explain precisely but in simple terms what the goal and effect of the Pigouvian tax would be. 2. In this question we will combine a very simplified model of an externality that has long-lastingimpacts with the model of discounted utility that we learned in our game theory topic. Considera hypothetical environmental externality: produced as the byproduct of industrial activity, eachunit of emission of a pollutant that is emitted once, today, causes $10 of external harm to societyeach and every year, starting immediately, forever. Let's say that policymakers apply a discountfactor of 8 € (0, 1) to future gains and losses, in an analog of the discounted utility model exceptfor cash payoffs rather than utilities.What would the socially efficient Pigouvian tax on the emission of this pollutant be if we applieda discount factor of (i) 8 = 0.5, (ii) 6 = 0.9, and (iii) 8 = 0.99? Give an intuitive explanationof how to interpret the parameter & in this context, and explain precisely but in simple termswhat the goal and effect of the Pigouvian tax would be.

An externality is a type of cost/benefit that is borne by the individuals who are not directly…

Answered: In this question we will combine a very…

Essentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337091992

Author:N. Gregory Mankiw

Publisher:N. Gregory Mankiw

Chapter11: Public Goods And Common Resources

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2PA

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2. In this question we will combine a very simplified model of an externality that has long-lasting impacts with the model of discounted utility that we learned in our game theory topic. Consider a hypothetical environmental externality: produced as the byproduct of industrial activity, each unit of emission of a pollutant that is emitted once, today, causes $10 of external harm to society each and every year, starting immediately, forever. Let's say that policymakers apply a discount factor of 8 € (0, 1) to future gains and losses, in an analog of the discounted utility model except for cash payoffs rather than utilities. What would the socially efficient Pigouvian tax on the emission of this pollutant be if we applied a discount factor of (i) 8 = 0.5, (ii) 6 = 0.9, and (iii) 8 = 0.99? Give an intuitive explanation of how to interpret the parameter & in this context, and explain precisely but in simple terms what the goal and effect of the Pigouvian tax would be.

Definition Definition Economic decision-making framework that analyzes how different players optimize their outcomes with given pay-offs corresponding to their available strategies. The assumptions of game theory are: The number of players or competitors are finite/limited; All participants are rational The rules of the game are known to every player; and Each participant has a finite set of actions. A common way in which game theory is presented as an ( m x n ) matrix in which m represents the strategies of row player and n represents the strategies of column player. There are several limitations of game theory: Many businesses have a large number of competitors, and selecting an optimal strategy in these circumstances is difficult; Real-life business operating environments are full of uncertainty and difficult to model as a game theory; and The assumption of rationality and utility maximization isn't always an accurate portrayal of human nature.

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