In the United States, energy for household heating is generally sold using English units, e.g., therm, gal, and cord. A house in Wisconsin uses 1200 therms of thermal energy during the heating season. Calculate the cost of fuel if the furnace uses (a) natural gas with an efficiency of 70%; (b) No. 2 fuel oil, efficiency 65%; (c) kerosene, efficiency 99.9% (unvented); and (d) wood with l5% moisture with an efficiency of 50%. Use the data in Tables 2.2, 2.7, and 2.13. The efficiencies are based on the HHV. Assume the cost of natural gas is $8/MBtu, the cost of No. 2 fuel oil is $3/gal, the cost of kerosene is $3.50/gal, and the cost of wood is $100/cord. Assume the bulk density of cord wood is 30 lbm/ft3 . TABLE 2.7Typical Properties of Fuel OilsFuel Grade No.PropertyColorSpecific gravity at 16°CKinematic viscosity at 38°C (m²/s)Pour point (°C)Flash point (°C)Autoignition temp. (°C)Carbon (wt%)Carbon residue (wt%)Hydrogen (wt%)Oxygen (wt%)Ash (wt%)HHV (MJ/kg)Fuel TypeProximate analysis, wt%Volatile matterFixed carbonUltimate analysis, wt%HydrogenCarbonSulfurNitrogenOxygenHHV(Btu/lb)(MJ/kg)8119Wood6500.10.1441KeroseneClear0.825870020.21.6 x 10-6<-173823086.5Trace13.20.0146.265356550.42Peat Lignite0.638DistillateAmber0.8652.6 x 10-6<-183826086.4Trace12.70.04950022.1<0.0145.4TABLE 2.13Representative Proximate Analysis, Ultimate Analysis, and Heating Valueof Solid Fuels (Dry, Ash-free)55455111568410,70024.9VeryLightResidualBlack0.92815 x 10-6-235526386.12.511.90.270.0243.840605822378135LightResidualBituminousCoal14,00032.5Black0.95350 x 10-6-155-85.55.011.70.30.0343.2ResidualBlack0.986360 x 10-61966640885.712.010.50.38-0.640.0442.4Refuse-DerivedFuel85157520.30.740970022.5TABLE 2.2Typical Heating Value of Some Gaseous FuelsFuelHHVHydrogen (H₂)Carbon monoxide (CO)Methane (CH₂)Ethane (C₂H₂)Propane (C₂H₂)Butane (C₂H₁0)Ethylene (C₂H₂)Acetylene (C₂H₂)Propylene (C₂H₂)Natural gas (typical)Coal producer gas (typical)Wood producer gas (typical)At 1 atm, 25°C(MJ/m³) MJ/kg (MJ/m³) MJ/kg142.211.711.636.463.890.811757.753.284.238.35.24.810.155.551.950.449.550.349.948.953.55.35.1LHV9.9 121.211.610.132.850.058.447.883.646.445.847.248.245.848.34.44.210854.151.478.834.64.34.0

Answered: In the United States, energy for…

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

ChapterMA: Math Assessment

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In the United States, energy for household heating is generally sold using English units, e.g., therm, gal, and cord. A house in Wisconsin uses 1200 therms of thermal energy during the heating season. Calculate the cost of fuel if the furnace uses (a) natural gas with an efficiency of 70%; (b) No. 2 fuel oil, efficiency 65%; (c) kerosene, efficiency 99.9% (unvented); and (d) wood with l5% moisture with an efficiency of 50%. Use the data in Tables 2.2, 2.7, and 2.13. The efficiencies are based on the HHV. Assume the cost of natural gas is $8/MBtu, the cost of No. 2 fuel oil is $3/gal, the cost of kerosene is $3.50/gal, and the cost of wood is $100/cord. Assume the bulk density of cord wood is 30 lbm/ft3 .

TABLE 2.7
Typical Properties of Fuel Oils
Fuel Grade No.
Property
Color
Specific gravity at 16°C
Kinematic viscosity at 38°C (m²/s)
Pour point (°C)
Flash point (°C)
Autoignition temp. (°C)
Carbon (wt%)
Carbon residue (wt%)
Hydrogen (wt%)
Oxygen (wt%)
Ash (wt%)
HHV (MJ/kg)
Fuel Type
Proximate analysis, wt%
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ultimate analysis, wt%
Hydrogen
Carbon
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Oxygen
HHV
(Btu/lb)
(MJ/kg)
81
19
Wood
6
50
0.1
0.1
44
1
Kerosene
Clear
0.825
8700
20.2
1.6 x 10-6
<-17
38
230
86.5
Trace
13.2
0.01
46.2
65
35
6
55
0.4
2
Peat Lignite
0.6
38
Distillate
Amber
0.865
2.6 x 10-6
<-18
38
260
86.4
Trace
12.7
0.04
9500
22.1
<0.01
45.4
TABLE 2.13
Representative Proximate Analysis, Ultimate Analysis, and Heating Value
of Solid Fuels (Dry, Ash-free)
55
45
51115
68
4
10,700
24.9
Very
Light
Residual
Black
0.928
15 x 10-6
-23
55
263
86.1
2.5
11.9
0.27
0.02
43.8
40
60
58223
78
13
5
Light
Residual
Bituminous
Coal
14,000
32.5
Black
0.953
50 x 10-6
-1
55
-
85.5
5.0
11.7
0.3
0.03
43.2
Residual
Black
0.986
360 x 10-6
19
6
66
408
85.7
12.0
10.5
0.38-0.64
0.04
42.4
Refuse-Derived
Fuel
85
15
7
52
0.3
0.7
40
9700
22.5
TABLE 2.2
Typical Heating Value of Some Gaseous Fuels
Fuel
HHV
Hydrogen (H₂)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Methane (CH₂)
Ethane (C₂H₂)
Propane (C₂H₂)
Butane (C₂H₁0)
Ethylene (C₂H₂)
Acetylene (C₂H₂)
Propylene (C₂H₂)
Natural gas (typical)
Coal producer gas (typical)
Wood producer gas (typical)
At 1 atm, 25°C
(MJ/m³) MJ/kg (MJ/m³) MJ/kg
142.2
11.7
11.6
36.4
63.8
90.8
117
57.7
53.2
84.2
38.3
5.2
4.8
10.1
55.5
51.9
50.4
49.5
50.3
49.9
48.9
53.5
5.3
5.1
LHV
9.9 121.2
11.6
10.1
32.8
50.0
58.4
47.8
83.6
46.4
45.8
47.2
48.2
45.8
48.3
4.4
4.2
108
54.1
51.4
78.8
34.6
4.3
4.0

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