In the accompanying sketch, a vertical angle of -14°30' is read to a target 3.50 m above point M. The measured inclined distance (S) is 644.15m and the elevation of point K is 320.70 m above sea level. If the height of the instrument at K is 1.27 m, the elevation of M, considering the effects of the earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction is e =-14°30' h. i. = 1.27 m K -Line of Sight S 644.15 m (Inclined Distance) Leveling Rod DE Elev K = 320.70 m RR: Elev (Unk Datum (Mean Sea Lovel) а. 478.93 m b. 157.22 m с. 158.97 m d. 162.47 m e. not included on the list

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Control Survey and Geodetic reductions

Control surveys or survey controls are used to establish reference points as a basis for various construction activities. Vertical and horizontal control points are to be established in a control survey to increase accuracy. After establishing the control points, all other types of surveys such as topographic, right-of-way, aerial mapping, construction layout, boundary surveys, and utility mapping can be worked upon so that control networks can be formed. The place from which the observations are made is called a survey station.