In that plot, they report a p-value of less than 0.001. What test were they carrying out? Give the hypotheses of the test corresponding to that p-value, in words and symbols, and give an appropriate conclusion that relates to the variables under study. Do not use the phrases ‘reject H0’ or ‘do not reject H0’ at any point in your response. (You may speak in terms of statistical significance, or strength of evidence, just not in terms of rejecting the null or not.)
In that plot, they report a p-value of less than 0.001. What test were they carrying out? Give the hypotheses of the test corresponding to that p-value, in words and symbols, and give an appropriate conclusion that relates to the variables under study. Do not use the phrases ‘reject H0’ or ‘do not reject H0’ at any point in your response. (You may speak in terms of statistical significance, or strength of evidence, just not in terms of rejecting the null or not.)
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
Related questions
Question
Now consider Figure 3(g). In that plot, they report a p-value of less than 0.001. What test were they carrying out? Give the hypotheses of the test corresponding to that p-value, in words and symbols, and give an appropriate conclusion that relates to the variables under study. Do not use the phrases ‘reject H0’ or ‘do not reject H0’ at any point in your response. (You may speak in terms of statistical significance, or strength of evidence, just not in terms of rejecting the null or not.)
![(p > 0.05; Figure 2a,c-g) and daytime activity levels (p > 0.05;
Table 2). However, independent t tests showed that night-time sleep
following late naps versus early naps had a higher actigraphic Fl
(mean [SD] 28.26 [10.69] versus 23.52 [10.83], p = 0.02, d = 0.44;
Figure 3a), TST (mean [SD] 7.20 [1.44] versus 6.52 [1.67] h, p = 0.02,
d = 0.44), SOL (mean [SD] 40.76 [45.34] versus 24.56 [26.61] min,
p = 0.02, d = 0.44), WASO (mean [SD] 51.59 [30.54] versus
39.01 [22.92] min, p < 0.02, d = 0.43), and number of awakenings
6 of 10
Actigraphy Fragmentation Index
(a)
(c)
Total Sleep Time (Hours)
(e)
30-
20-
10-
5
!
매
0
100
80-
Journal of
Sleep
Research
F
F
sullar
ESRS
P = 0.02
p = 0.02
p = 0.053
(b)
Novel Fragmentation Index (Rest KRA)
(d)
Sleep Onset Latency (Minutes)
(f)
0.08
0.06-
0.04-
0.02-
0.00
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
60-
F-
F
F
3.3 | Correlations between night-time FI and
actigraphy sleep quality variables
Table 3 shows Pearson correlations between the KRA and night-time
sleep quality parameters. The KRA showed significant, positive cor-
relations with actigraphic Fl (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), WASO (r = 0.36,
p < 0.01), and number of awakenings (r = 0.53, p < 0.001); but
showed negative correlations with TST (r= -0.32, p = 0.01) and SE
p = 0.42
P = 0.02
P = 0.015
Early Naps
Late Naps
-1
MOGRASS ET AL.
FIGURE 3 Comparisons of nocturnal
sleep fragmentation index and night-time
sleep quality variables between early
naps (≥7 h before bedtime) and late naps
(<7 h before bedtime). Independent t tests
showed that the nocturnal actigraphic
sleep fragmentation index, total sleep
time (h), sleep onset latency (min), wake
after onset (min), and number of
awakenings were significantly lower
during sleep after an early nap than
after late nap (Cohen's d = 0.44; 0.44;
0.44; 0.43; and 0.46, respectively). Mean
differences in the novel fragmentation
index and sleep efficiency (Cohen's
d = 0.15 and 0.53, respectively) were not
significant between early and late naps.
(a) actigraphy fragmentation index; (b)
novel fragmentation index; (c) total sleep
time; (d) sleep onset latency; (e) sleep
efficiency; (f) wake after sleep onset; (g)
number of awakenings. N = 115 evenings
(early naps, n = 60; late naps, n = 55).
Values are means + SEM
cles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
13652869, 2022, 5, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr. 13578 by University Of Guelph, Wiley Online Library on [02/04/2023]. See](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F8375b778-a25e-44ca-89f4-fe16f366f44c%2F9e7f2a37-76ef-4a65-a294-be6fd2fffcea%2Fc2qyq9_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:(p > 0.05; Figure 2a,c-g) and daytime activity levels (p > 0.05;
Table 2). However, independent t tests showed that night-time sleep
following late naps versus early naps had a higher actigraphic Fl
(mean [SD] 28.26 [10.69] versus 23.52 [10.83], p = 0.02, d = 0.44;
Figure 3a), TST (mean [SD] 7.20 [1.44] versus 6.52 [1.67] h, p = 0.02,
d = 0.44), SOL (mean [SD] 40.76 [45.34] versus 24.56 [26.61] min,
p = 0.02, d = 0.44), WASO (mean [SD] 51.59 [30.54] versus
39.01 [22.92] min, p < 0.02, d = 0.43), and number of awakenings
6 of 10
Actigraphy Fragmentation Index
(a)
(c)
Total Sleep Time (Hours)
(e)
30-
20-
10-
5
!
매
0
100
80-
Journal of
Sleep
Research
F
F
sullar
ESRS
P = 0.02
p = 0.02
p = 0.053
(b)
Novel Fragmentation Index (Rest KRA)
(d)
Sleep Onset Latency (Minutes)
(f)
0.08
0.06-
0.04-
0.02-
0.00
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
60-
F-
F
F
3.3 | Correlations between night-time FI and
actigraphy sleep quality variables
Table 3 shows Pearson correlations between the KRA and night-time
sleep quality parameters. The KRA showed significant, positive cor-
relations with actigraphic Fl (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), WASO (r = 0.36,
p < 0.01), and number of awakenings (r = 0.53, p < 0.001); but
showed negative correlations with TST (r= -0.32, p = 0.01) and SE
p = 0.42
P = 0.02
P = 0.015
Early Naps
Late Naps
-1
MOGRASS ET AL.
FIGURE 3 Comparisons of nocturnal
sleep fragmentation index and night-time
sleep quality variables between early
naps (≥7 h before bedtime) and late naps
(<7 h before bedtime). Independent t tests
showed that the nocturnal actigraphic
sleep fragmentation index, total sleep
time (h), sleep onset latency (min), wake
after onset (min), and number of
awakenings were significantly lower
during sleep after an early nap than
after late nap (Cohen's d = 0.44; 0.44;
0.44; 0.43; and 0.46, respectively). Mean
differences in the novel fragmentation
index and sleep efficiency (Cohen's
d = 0.15 and 0.53, respectively) were not
significant between early and late naps.
(a) actigraphy fragmentation index; (b)
novel fragmentation index; (c) total sleep
time; (d) sleep onset latency; (e) sleep
efficiency; (f) wake after sleep onset; (g)
number of awakenings. N = 115 evenings
(early naps, n = 60; late naps, n = 55).
Values are means + SEM
cles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
13652869, 2022, 5, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr. 13578 by University Of Guelph, Wiley Online Library on [02/04/2023]. See
![A
O
오
Total Sleep Time (Hours)
i
(e)
Sleep Efficiency (%)
H
Number of Awakenings
0
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
(g) 50
40-
30-
20-
10-
F
P = 0.02
p = 0.053
p<0.001
-1
Novel F
(d)
Sleep Onset Latency (Minutes)
Wake After Sleep Onset (Minutes)
0.00
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
60-
40-
20-
F
F
(r = -0.32, p = 0.01). However, we found no significant correlation
between the KRA and SOL (r = 0.11, p > 0.05). Similar to KRA, ac-
tigraphy's FI showed significant positive correlations with WASO
(r = 0.59), SOL (r = 0.57), and awakenings (r = 0.49), all p < 0.001;
but negatively correlated with TST and SE (r= -0.40, p = 0.002 and
r = -0.85, respectively, p < 0.001).
p = 0.02
p = 0.015
1
during sleep after an early hap than
after late nap (Cohen's d = 0.44; 0.44;
0.44; 0.43; and 0.46, respectively). Mean
differences in the novel fragmentation
index and sleep efficiency (Cohen's
d = 0.15 and 0.53, respectively) were not
significant between early and late naps.
(a) actigraphy fragmentation index; (b)
novel fragmentation index; (c) total sleep
time; (d) sleep onset latency; (e) sleep
efficiency; (f) wake after sleep onset; (g)
number of awakenings. N = 115 evenings
(early naps, n = 60; late naps, n = 55).
Values are means + SEM
nappers than in moderate and non-nappers. Our findings are in
agreement with the work by Goldman et al. (2008), who investi-
gated the association between actigraphy-measured daytime nap-
ping and night-time sleep fragmentation in 235 older adults. They
found that frequent nappers had higher night-time sleep fragmenta-
tion, more WASO and poorer SE than non-nappers (Goldman et al.,
2008). However, they measured sleep fragmentation with the actig-
bud
m/doi/10.1111/jsr. 13578 by University Of Guelph, Wiley Online Library on [02/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by t](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F8375b778-a25e-44ca-89f4-fe16f366f44c%2F9e7f2a37-76ef-4a65-a294-be6fd2fffcea%2Fpz5ajto_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:A
O
오
Total Sleep Time (Hours)
i
(e)
Sleep Efficiency (%)
H
Number of Awakenings
0
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
(g) 50
40-
30-
20-
10-
F
P = 0.02
p = 0.053
p<0.001
-1
Novel F
(d)
Sleep Onset Latency (Minutes)
Wake After Sleep Onset (Minutes)
0.00
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
60-
40-
20-
F
F
(r = -0.32, p = 0.01). However, we found no significant correlation
between the KRA and SOL (r = 0.11, p > 0.05). Similar to KRA, ac-
tigraphy's FI showed significant positive correlations with WASO
(r = 0.59), SOL (r = 0.57), and awakenings (r = 0.49), all p < 0.001;
but negatively correlated with TST and SE (r= -0.40, p = 0.002 and
r = -0.85, respectively, p < 0.001).
p = 0.02
p = 0.015
1
during sleep after an early hap than
after late nap (Cohen's d = 0.44; 0.44;
0.44; 0.43; and 0.46, respectively). Mean
differences in the novel fragmentation
index and sleep efficiency (Cohen's
d = 0.15 and 0.53, respectively) were not
significant between early and late naps.
(a) actigraphy fragmentation index; (b)
novel fragmentation index; (c) total sleep
time; (d) sleep onset latency; (e) sleep
efficiency; (f) wake after sleep onset; (g)
number of awakenings. N = 115 evenings
(early naps, n = 60; late naps, n = 55).
Values are means + SEM
nappers than in moderate and non-nappers. Our findings are in
agreement with the work by Goldman et al. (2008), who investi-
gated the association between actigraphy-measured daytime nap-
ping and night-time sleep fragmentation in 235 older adults. They
found that frequent nappers had higher night-time sleep fragmenta-
tion, more WASO and poorer SE than non-nappers (Goldman et al.,
2008). However, they measured sleep fragmentation with the actig-
bud
m/doi/10.1111/jsr. 13578 by University Of Guelph, Wiley Online Library on [02/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by t
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