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- PFor each of the following experiments, tell me whether you would expect the rate of O₂ consumption and ATP synthesis to increase, decrease or remain the same (respectively). Assume there is plenty of O₂ around. (a) Succinate is suddenly added to mitochondria that have no other oxidizable substrates (Assume that there are ADP and Pi in mitochondria). (b) ADP is not allowed to pass into the mitochondrial matrix. (c) 2,4 Dinitrophenol (an uncoupler) is added.Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) includes: Question 10 options: a) mitochondrial outer membranes are disrupted. b) caspases activation in either intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. c) cytochrome c release. d) All of the above. e) Only (a) and (c)The mitochondrial membrane potential is an indicator of cell viability. Think about mitochondrial function and decide which of these statements best describes the mitochondrial membrane potential. a.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the outer mitochondrial membrane b.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane c.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane d.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- If the mitochondrial inner membrane potential was depolarized (switched from + to -), what effect would this have on protein translocation into the mitochondria? Explain.When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared mitochondria along with ADP, P, antimycin A, and oxygen, the cytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/o ratio approaching 1.0. (a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system. (b) Why was antimycin A added? (c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of cou- pling sites for oxidative phosphorylation? (d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cyt c oxidation and ATP synthesis).An experiment is conducted in which the mitochondrial content of various tissues is studied. It is found that the mitochondrial content is directly proportional to the amount of energy one cell is required to generate and expend. The mitochondrial content is most likely greatest in which of the following types of cells? (A) Cardiac muscle cells (B) Chondrocytes (C) Endothelial cells (D) Epidermal cells (E) Hepatocytes (F) Osteocytes (G) White adipocytes
- Describe the involvements of the followings in the electron transport centre in the inner mitochondrial membrane.(a). Rieske center(b). Ubiquinone(c). ProtonsWhich of the following is required to transport fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane? (A) Acyl carrier protein (B) Albumin (C) Carnitine (D) Chylomicrons (E) Creatinine (F) Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferaseWhen pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared mitochondria along with ADP, Pi, antimycin A, and oxygen, the cytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/O ratio approaching 1.0.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) Why was antimycin A added?(c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of coupling sitesfor oxidative phosphorylation?(d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cyt c oxidation and ATP synthesis).(e) Calculate ΔG°′ for the above reaction, using E′0 values from Table 14.1and a ΔG°′ value for ATP hydrolysis of -32.2 kJ/mol.
- The four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by each of the four complexes: complex I: complex II: complex III: complex IV:In the Electron Transport Chain:(a). Upon the transfers, what is the final recipient of these electrons?(b). What is the compound obtained upon the completion of electron transportation?(c). What causes the changes in pH between the inner mitochondrial membrane during the electron transfer?You have been transported into the future, where a nanosensor can be inserted into a living cell and subsequently travel into any organelle. The sensor relays information stating that it has lodged itself in a compartment of the mitochondrion, where there is a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions (H+) and levels of ATP production are high. From what you know about cellular respiration in mitochondria, where is the sensor lodged? (a) inner mitochondrial membrane (b) mitochondrial matrix (c) chloroplast stroma (d) cell cytoplasm (e) plasma membrane