In epidemiology, R0 is the expected number of cases arising from a single infected individual (calculated by the transmission rate/recovery rate). How does successful social distancing reduce the number of covid-19 cases? A. It brings Ro < 0 B. It brings Ro < 1 C. It brings Ro > 0 D. It brings Ro > 1 E. It brings Ro = 1
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- The Zoomland epidemic does not mimic a real epidemic in every respect. What is ONE way the Zoomland epidemic is not an entirely realistic simulation? A. In the Zoomland epidemic we could tell who had interacted with whom (contact tracing). In real life there is no way to do any contact tracing. B. In the Zoomland epidemic people interacted randomly with others. In real life people interact much more with some members of the population than others. C. In the Zoomland epidemic, transmission only occurred when a person came into contact with an infected person AND a suitable vector. In real life some diseases do not require a vector for successful transmission.Differentiate the following Epidemiological Measures a. Frequency Measures: Incidence and prevalence b. Morbidity Frequency Measures c. Mortality Frequency MeasuresWhat are the key assumptions in simple SIR modeling of infection dynamics? (check all that are correct): No vaccines are in use. more than one type of host can be incorporated (vector, animal, etc.) V All hosts can fit into one of the three compartments ONo hosts are susceptible. Recovered subjects cannot be reinfected. O Hosts die and are removedrom the model. O The population is static (not increasing or decreasing).
- 3) Which among the following is NOT true to the epidemiologic triangle model? A. If the balance is maintained or is tilted in favor of the host, disease does not occur. B. Environmental elements can tilt the balance in favor of the agent. C. The model suggests that the agent and the susceptible host interact freely in a common environment. D. If the balance is tilted in favor of the agent, disease does not occur. Answer: Rationale: 4 This refers to any organism capable of causing disease: A. Causative agent B. Reservoir C. Portal of exit D. Susceptible Host Answer: Rationale: to nismoa Given these assumptions about the fifictitia epidemic, write down the two laws of motion for St and It in terms of St, It, C, p, α, β, γ , and the λs. b What conditions must be true if the populations of infected and uninfected people are in steady state (that is, they do not change over time)? c Assume γ = 0. Interpret this assumption. d Now assume γ >β. Interpret this assumption. e Assuming γ >β, solve for I∗ as a function of C, p, α, β, γ , and the λs. [Hint:As a fifirst step, you should add your two equations from part (b) to derive a relationship between I∗ and S∗.] f How does a change in the price of p affffect the steady-state level of I∗?Describe how we can use Epidemiology to explain and predict the Ebola outbreak. What kind of questions should we attempt to answer?? Only typed answer
- refer to the provided image 80. Which of the following is represented by the x-axis of the provided epidemic curve?A. Asymptomatic timeB. Generation time C. Incubation periodD. Natural history 81. What type of epidemic is evident on the given epidemic curve?A. IntermittentB. Point-source C. ProgressiveD. PropagatingIn an epidemiological study with human subjects, the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable always suggests that: Answer choices one does not cause the other. correlation always equals causation. one caused the other. correlation does not always equal causation.Discuss how the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes Covid-19 disease became a "new" zoonotic disease and has resulted in a "fast" spreading World-Wide Pandemic. how has it evolute as a zoonotic disease, the mechanism of infection in humans, symptoms of disease, treatment and prevention. Describe how to "flatten" the curve and make the epidemic a "slow" epidemic by acting as a "social" vaccine.
- In 2014, a study investigated the frequency of HIV in a remote New Zealand community a total of 132 people participated in the study. A serological tests to diagnose cases of early HIV were conducted for each participant during 2014. Two cases were identified. The researchers followed those at risk for another year, and during this time frame another person was diagnosed. (d) It appeared that not all the people at risk were followed for the entire year (2015). In fact only 65 people were followed for 12 months, 5 participants were followed for 10 months, 22 were followed for 7 months, 8 were followed for 6 months, 15 for 4 months and another 15 for 2 months. Calculate the person-time of observation - What was the incident rate of HIV during 2015. - Assuming HIV has no cure (which is not correct if detected early!) and the incidence rate of HIV in the community remained constant what should happen to the prevalence of HIV in this cohort over time?During the 2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, Ebola aid workers like Abdul Lebbie engaged in a practice called contact tracing. These contact tracers locate and isolate (through quarantine) individuals who may have come into contact with an infected individual. Contact tracing is an attempt to reduce the RO of a disease by: reducing the infectious period reducing the transmission rate reducing the virulence increasing the infectious period O increasing the transmission rateIn 2014, a study investigated the frequency of HIV in a remote New Zealand community a total of 132 people participated in the study. A serological tests to diagnose cases of early HIV were conducted for each participant during 2014. Two cases were identified. The researchers followed those at risk for another year, and during this time frame another person was diagnosed. (a) What was the prevalence of HIV in 2014? (b) What was the prevalence of HIV among study participants at the end of 2015 Assume no loss to follow-up. (c) What was the cumulative incidence of HIV over the study period? (d) It appeared that not all the people at risk were followed for the entire year (2015). In fact only 65 people were followed for 12 months, 5 participants were followed for 10 months, 22 were followed for 7 months, 8 were followed for 6 months, 15 for 4 months and another 15 for 2 months. Calculate the person-time of observation (e) What…