Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Mutations in DNA are permanent changes in its nucleotide sequences which may arise due to DNA replication or recombination.
The three types of DNA mutations are:
1)Base Substitution/Point mutation: It is of two types - Transition and Transversion. Transition occurs when purine is substituted with another purine or when pyrimidine is substituted with another pyrimidine. Transversion occurs when a purine is substituted with a pyrimidine or when a pyrimidine is substituted with a purine.
2)Deletion: It occurs when one or more base pairs are removed from the DNA sequence during a frameshift.This may alter the transational frame and results in protein missing one or amino acids.
3)Insertion: It occurs when additional base pairs are added to the sequence.This may lead to frameshifts depending on the inserted base pairs.
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