In aqueous solution cobalt(II) ion is surrounded by 4 water molecules and has a light pink color. When high concentrations of chloride ion are introduced, a cobalt-chloride complex ion forms that has a distinctive blue color. One way to represent this equilibrium is: CoCl (aq) Co2*(aq) + 4 Cl (aq)
In aqueous solution cobalt(II) ion is surrounded by 4 water molecules and has a light pink color. When high concentrations of chloride ion are introduced, a cobalt-chloride complex ion forms that has a distinctive blue color. One way to represent this equilibrium is: CoCl (aq) Co2*(aq) + 4 Cl (aq)
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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![**Dynamic and Static Equilibrium in Cobalt-Chloride Ion Reactions**
In aqueous solution, cobalt(II) ion is surrounded by 4 water molecules and exhibits a light pink color. When high concentrations of chloride ion are introduced, a cobalt-chloride complex ion forms, which has a distinctive blue color.
**Representation of Equilibrium:**
\[ \text{CoCl}_4^{2-} (\text{aq}) \xrightleftharpoons{} \text{Co}^{2+} (\text{aq}) + 4 \text{Cl}^- (\text{aq}) \]
*Visual Description:*
- On the left, an image shows a test tube with a deep blue solution, representing the cobalt-chloride complex ion (\(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)).
- On the right, an image depicts a test tube with a light pink solution, representing the cobalt(II) ion (\(\text{Co}^{2+}\)) surrounded by water molecules.
**Experimental Setup:**
An experiment was conducted to demonstrate dynamic equilibrium between these two ions. A special form of \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\) (aq) was used, where one of the chloride ions was isotopically labeled (\(^{36}\text{Cl}\) in place of the naturally occurring isotopes). The system was allowed to reach equilibrium.
**Labeling in the Structure:**
\[
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
^{36}
\hspace{-3pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
||
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Co}
\hspace{20pt}
^-2
\]
**Interpreting Dynamic vs. Non-Dynamic Equilibrium:**
If the equilibrium is **NOT dynamic**, the forward reaction would run until equilibrium is reached and then cease. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)?
If the equilibrium **IS dynamic**, the forward and reverse reactions run even after equilibrium is reached. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)?
**Provided Structures:**
A.
\[
\text{Cl}
\](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1a9ce581-7dc0-475d-98b0-a05b944e1333%2F82ca14cb-b191-42ca-976e-6523d13db8de%2Fq10217w.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Dynamic and Static Equilibrium in Cobalt-Chloride Ion Reactions**
In aqueous solution, cobalt(II) ion is surrounded by 4 water molecules and exhibits a light pink color. When high concentrations of chloride ion are introduced, a cobalt-chloride complex ion forms, which has a distinctive blue color.
**Representation of Equilibrium:**
\[ \text{CoCl}_4^{2-} (\text{aq}) \xrightleftharpoons{} \text{Co}^{2+} (\text{aq}) + 4 \text{Cl}^- (\text{aq}) \]
*Visual Description:*
- On the left, an image shows a test tube with a deep blue solution, representing the cobalt-chloride complex ion (\(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)).
- On the right, an image depicts a test tube with a light pink solution, representing the cobalt(II) ion (\(\text{Co}^{2+}\)) surrounded by water molecules.
**Experimental Setup:**
An experiment was conducted to demonstrate dynamic equilibrium between these two ions. A special form of \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\) (aq) was used, where one of the chloride ions was isotopically labeled (\(^{36}\text{Cl}\) in place of the naturally occurring isotopes). The system was allowed to reach equilibrium.
**Labeling in the Structure:**
\[
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
^{36}
\hspace{-3pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Cl}
\hspace{10pt}
||
\hspace{10pt}
\text{Co}
\hspace{20pt}
^-2
\]
**Interpreting Dynamic vs. Non-Dynamic Equilibrium:**
If the equilibrium is **NOT dynamic**, the forward reaction would run until equilibrium is reached and then cease. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)?
If the equilibrium **IS dynamic**, the forward and reverse reactions run even after equilibrium is reached. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \(\text{CoCl}_4^{2-}\)?
**Provided Structures:**
A.
\[
\text{Cl}
\
![**Dynamic Equilibrium Experiment**
In this experiment, we are examining the dynamic equilibrium of the reaction:
\[ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \, (\text{g}) \rightleftharpoons \, 2 \, \text{NO}_2 \, (\text{g}) \]
The goal is to demonstrate the concept of dynamic equilibrium. We start with a special form of \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \) in which one of the oxygen atoms is isotopically labeled with \( ^{18}\text{O} \) instead of \( ^{16}\text{O} \). The system is then allowed to reach equilibrium.
![Image of chemical setup]
**Explanation of the Reaction Diagram:**
- The diagram shows a molecule of dinitrogen tetroxide (\( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)) where one oxygen atom is labeled as \( ^{18}\text{O} \).
**Question 1:**
If the equilibrium is **NOT dynamic**, the forward reaction will continue until equilibrium is reached and then cease. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)?
**Question 2:**
If the equilibrium **IS dynamic**, the forward and reverse reactions will continue even after equilibrium is reached. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)?
**Instructions:**
Put letters in alphabetical order. If none are correct, enter NONE. Do not put spaces, commas, or other characters between your answers.
**Structural Options:**
A.
![Structural Option A: N-N bonded with one O-18 and one O]
\[
^{18}\text{O-N=N-O}
\]
B.
![Structural Option B: N-N bonded with two O-18's]
\[
^{18}\text{O-N=N-O}^{18}
\]
C.
![Structural Option C: N-N bonded with one O-18 and two O's]
\[
^{18}\text{O=N-N=O}^{18}
\]
D.
![Structural Option D: N-N bonded with two O's]
\[
\text{O=N-N=O}
\]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1a9ce581-7dc0-475d-98b0-a05b944e1333%2F82ca14cb-b191-42ca-976e-6523d13db8de%2F9ufpjym.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Dynamic Equilibrium Experiment**
In this experiment, we are examining the dynamic equilibrium of the reaction:
\[ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \, (\text{g}) \rightleftharpoons \, 2 \, \text{NO}_2 \, (\text{g}) \]
The goal is to demonstrate the concept of dynamic equilibrium. We start with a special form of \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \) in which one of the oxygen atoms is isotopically labeled with \( ^{18}\text{O} \) instead of \( ^{16}\text{O} \). The system is then allowed to reach equilibrium.
![Image of chemical setup]
**Explanation of the Reaction Diagram:**
- The diagram shows a molecule of dinitrogen tetroxide (\( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)) where one oxygen atom is labeled as \( ^{18}\text{O} \).
**Question 1:**
If the equilibrium is **NOT dynamic**, the forward reaction will continue until equilibrium is reached and then cease. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)?
**Question 2:**
If the equilibrium **IS dynamic**, the forward and reverse reactions will continue even after equilibrium is reached. Under this condition, which of the structures below would be observed for \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)?
**Instructions:**
Put letters in alphabetical order. If none are correct, enter NONE. Do not put spaces, commas, or other characters between your answers.
**Structural Options:**
A.
![Structural Option A: N-N bonded with one O-18 and one O]
\[
^{18}\text{O-N=N-O}
\]
B.
![Structural Option B: N-N bonded with two O-18's]
\[
^{18}\text{O-N=N-O}^{18}
\]
C.
![Structural Option C: N-N bonded with one O-18 and two O's]
\[
^{18}\text{O=N-N=O}^{18}
\]
D.
![Structural Option D: N-N bonded with two O's]
\[
\text{O=N-N=O}
\]
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