Please type your answers and respond to each question. BSample Set #5Metamorphic RocksSedimentary rocks exposed to the effects of heat and pressure can undergo extensive chemical and physicalchanges. This alteration is referred to as metamorphism. Figure 4, on the next page, shows a series oflayered rocks consisting of sedimentary formations that have been cut by a dike (cross-cutting planarintrusion), and, at greater depth, intruded by a batholith (large intrusion). It is in situations like this thatsedimentary layers can be metamorphosed due to their proximity to hot, molten rock from whichchemically active solutions are released. Near the dike, rocks which further away are limestones (114) havemetamorphosed into marbles (154). Similarly, sandstones (141) have become quartzites (165). In thevicinity of the batholith, the action of heat and chemical solutions is accompanied by pressure produced bythe batholith as it forces its way upward. Horizontal rock layers exposed to such pressure are folded anddeformed. The result is the highly contorted layering illustrated in Figure 10. Such layering producedduring metamorphism is called foliation. In such situations, rocks undergo varying degrees ofmetamorphism depending on their proximity to the batholith and to the intensity of deformation. Shales(112) can be metamorphosed to slates (159), schists (167), and gneiss (173) as metamorphic intensityincreases.IGNEOUSROCKSORIGINALLYSANDSTONEORIGINALLYLIMESTONEORIGINALLYSHALE165 XX 154DIKE167XBATHOLITH99X 159X 114X 141X 112X 173FIGURE 4: Generalized cross-section of a sequence of sedimentary rocks intruded by an igneous batholith.The layers show their original horizontal orientation away from the batholith where pressure resulting fromthe upward movement of the batholith is small, but near the batholith where pressures are much higher, thelayering has been deformed, and is greatly contorted. The location at which different types ofmetamorphosed and unmetamorphosed rocks occur, along with the ID numbers of representative examplesamong the lab specimens, are noted in the figure by "X". In addition to causing deformation of layering during metamorphism, pressure may actually producelayering during the formation of sedimentary rocks. For example, the sediment, mud, under pressurebecomes shale, a sedimentary rock with a fairly distinct layering. Generally speaking the sources ofpressure producing layering during the formation of sedimentary rocks is not the same as that causingdeformation and metamorphism Examine specimen (112).What force could act on mud to produce the pressure that results in this layering?Reexamine Figure 4. What evidence is there in the illustration to indicate that the rocks have beensubjected to deformation?fIn this situation, what is it that has produced the pressure?Describe the visual differences between shale (112) and slate (159). Can you explain these differencesin terms of a metamorphic process?101

Answered: In addition to causing deformation of…

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)

9th Edition

ISBN:9780134746241

Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1LR

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Please type your answers and respond to each question.

B
Sample Set #5
Metamorphic Rocks
Sedimentary rocks exposed to the effects of heat and pressure can undergo extensive chemical and physical
changes. This alteration is referred to as metamorphism. Figure 4, on the next page, shows a series of
layered rocks consisting of sedimentary formations that have been cut by a dike (cross-cutting planar
intrusion), and, at greater depth, intruded by a batholith (large intrusion). It is in situations like this that
sedimentary layers can be metamorphosed due to their proximity to hot, molten rock from which
chemically active solutions are released. Near the dike, rocks which further away are limestones (114) have
metamorphosed into marbles (154). Similarly, sandstones (141) have become quartzites (165). In the
vicinity of the batholith, the action of heat and chemical solutions is accompanied by pressure produced by
the batholith as it forces its way upward. Horizontal rock layers exposed to such pressure are folded and
deformed. The result is the highly contorted layering illustrated in Figure 10. Such layering produced
during metamorphism is called foliation. In such situations, rocks undergo varying degrees of
metamorphism depending on their proximity to the batholith and to the intensity of deformation. Shales
(112) can be metamorphosed to slates (159), schists (167), and gneiss (173) as metamorphic intensity
increases.
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ORIGINALLY
SANDSTONE
ORIGINALLY
LIMESTONE
ORIGINALLY
SHALE
165 X
X 154
DIKE
167
X
BATHOLITH
99
X 159
X 114
X 141
X 112
X 173
FIGURE 4: Generalized cross-section of a sequence of sedimentary rocks intruded by an igneous batholith.
The layers show their original horizontal orientation away from the batholith where pressure resulting from
the upward movement of the batholith is small, but near the batholith where pressures are much higher, the
layering has been deformed, and is greatly contorted. The location at which different types of
metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed rocks occur, along with the ID numbers of representative examples
among the lab specimens, are noted in the figure by "X".

In addition to causing deformation of layering during metamorphism, pressure may actually produce
layering during the formation of sedimentary rocks. For example, the sediment, mud, under pressure
becomes shale, a sedimentary rock with a fairly distinct layering. Generally speaking the sources of
pressure producing layering during the formation of sedimentary rocks is not the same as that causing
deformation and metamorphism Examine specimen (112).
What force could act on mud to produce the pressure that results in this layering?
Reexamine Figure 4. What evidence is there in the illustration to indicate that the rocks have been
subjected to deformation?
f
In this situation, what is it that has produced the pressure?
Describe the visual differences between shale (112) and slate (159). Can you explain these differences
in terms of a metamorphic process?
101

Expert Solution

Step 1

What force could act on mud to produce the pressure that results in this layering?

Answer :-

In the vicinity of the batholith, the action of heat and chemical solutions is accompanied by pressure produced by the batholith as it forces its way upward. Horizontal rock layers exposed to such pressure are folded and deformed.

What evidence is there in the illustration to indicate that the rocks have been subjected to deformation?

Answer :-

When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold, and the resulting structures are called folds. Folds result from compressional stresses or shear stresses acting over considerable time.