In actual 4 stroke engine cycle, combustion chamber pressure at the end of exhaust stroke is greater than the atmospheric pressure and the pressure of the intake port on average is less than the atmospheric pressure. In theory, early opening of the intake valve before the TDC should not result with fresh air getting inside the combustion chamber. However in actual applications, intake valve is opened 20 ~ 40 ᵒ CA before the TDC (Intake valve opening advance), in order to increase the fresh air transfer into the combustion chamber. Explain how intake valve opening advance increases fresh air transfer into the combustion chamber.

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Laws of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a field of research, which needs the creation of absolute and ideal states and logical and practical examination of the actual conditions. By considering all the laws and theories of thermodynamics, the chemical reactions, the occurrence of processes, and physiological functions can be predicted with this field.