In a study of 135 women, roughly half took estrogen as well as calcium and vitamin D supplements and received regular checkups. The remaining women received the supplements and the checkups but substituted a sugar pill for the estrogen. Those who received the estrogen had an average 3.6 percent gain in bone density compared to a 0.2 percent bone density improvement in those taking the sugar pill. This study can best be described as a census a survey using quota sampling the placebo effect a controlled placebo experiment a survey using simple random sampling

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