Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
Esterification of an Unknown Alcohol
Name_______________________ Unknown Alcohol Number___101____________
Reagents used
Mass of unknown alcohol used: _18.7294_____________________
Mass of acetic anhydride used: __26.5369 gram____________________
Fragrance of unknown alcohol :_slightly unpleasant odor (subjective), clear, colorless liquid___________________
Ceric ammonium nitrate test on the alcohol: __smelled with great caution – very sharp, acrid, unpleasant, caused eyes to water. Clear, slightly yellow liquid.___________
- The product
Mass obtained: _____12.0336 gram.______________________________
Fragrance: strong, somewhat pleasant, almost sweet but otherwise non-descript odor (subjective)__________________________
Ceric test on product :_____small amount of unknown alcohol # 101 was added to yellow ceric ammonium nitrate solution, whereupon the solution became blood red.
- Analysis
- Name of ester formed __2-phenyl-ethyl acetate.________________________________________________
- Name of unknown alcohol _1-phenylethanol__
- In a clear, organized fashion, calculate the % yield of ester. Use back of page, if necessary.
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