In a certain suburb of Montréal, residents have expressed their worries about the quality of the air. Of particular concern is the concentration (in μg/m3) of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5). The environmental standard is a PM2.5 concentration of 15 μg/m3 or less. 9-a) To conduct this study, Thomas installs 25 PM2.5 detectors at different locations in the suburban area. Each detector will provide one reading of PM2.5 concentration at a giv
In a certain suburb of Montréal, residents have expressed their worries about the quality of the air. Of particular concern is the concentration (in μg/m3) of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5). The environmental standard is a PM2.5 concentration of 15 μg/m3 or less. 9-a) To conduct this study, Thomas installs 25 PM2.5 detectors at different locations in the suburban area. Each detector will provide one reading of PM2.5 concentration at a giv
In a certain suburb of Montréal, residents have expressed their worries about the quality of the air. Of particular concern is the concentration (in μg/m3) of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5). The environmental standard is a PM2.5 concentration of 15 μg/m3 or less. 9-a) To conduct this study, Thomas installs 25 PM2.5 detectors at different locations in the suburban area. Each detector will provide one reading of PM2.5 concentration at a giv
In a certain suburb of Montréal, residents have expressed their worries about the quality of the air. Of particular concern is the concentration (in μg/m3) of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5). The environmental standard is a PM2.5 concentration of 15 μg/m3 or less.
9-a) To conduct this study, Thomas installs 25 PM2.5 detectors at different locations in the suburban area. Each detector will provide one reading of PM2.5 concentration at a given time. With 25 detectors, what is the probability that Thomas declares the sample mean of PM2.5 concentrations significantly greater than the environmental standard while the population mean is 16 μg/m3? The population variance is assumed to be known and equal to 9. Use α = 0.01.
9-b) Thomas is interested to purchase a new and cheaper instrument to measure PM2.5 concentration. He is worried, however, that the precision of the new instrument may be lower than that of the current one. To be acceptable, the standard deviation of measurements made with the new instrument should not exceed 5 μg/m3. To assess whether he could reliably usethe new instrument, Thomas makes 10 readings of an air sample with known concentration of PM2.5. From the data, he calculates a sample standard deviation of 7 μg/m3. Is the variability in the 10 readings made with the new instrument acceptable? Use α = 0.05.
Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...
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