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Imagine strong directional selection is applied, favoring large values of this trait. After one generation, what you predict would occur to the trait values in in each of the two different scenarios of 'h'?

Imagine strong directional selection is applied, favoring large values of this trait. After one generation, what you predict would occur to the trait values in in each of the two different scenarios of 'h'?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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### Understanding Heritability Through Scatter Plots The following scatter plots illustrate the concept of heritability using the relationship between the mid-parent phenotypic value and the offspring phenotypic value. These graphs are typically used to understand the genetic contribution to a trait by examining its transmission from parents to offspring. **a) Scatter Plot (h² = 0.1)** In this graph, the heritability (\( h^2 \)) is depicted as 0.1, which indicates a low heritability. - **Axes**: - The horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the mid-parent phenotypic value. - The vertical axis (y-axis) represents the offspring phenotypic value. - **Data Points**: - Each dot represents an individual offspring's phenotypic value relative to their mid-parent value. - **Trend**: - The scattered points show a weak positive correlation between the mid-parent and offspring phenotypic values. - Since \( h^2 = 0.1 \), the offspring traits are only slightly similar to their parents', suggesting environmental factors play a more significant role. **b) Scatter Plot (h² = 0.9)** In this graph, the heritability (\( h^2 \)) is depicted as 0.9, which indicates a high heritability. - **Axes**: - The horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the mid-parent phenotypic value. - The vertical axis (y-axis) represents the offspring phenotypic value. - **Data Points**: - Each dot represents an individual offspring's phenotypic value relative to their mid-parent value. - **Trend**: - The scattered points show a strong positive correlation between the mid-parent and offspring phenotypic values. - Since \( h^2 = 0.9 \), the offspring traits are highly similar to their parents', suggesting genetic factors play a major role in determining the phenotype. ### Conclusion These plots clearly illustrate the concept of heritability and the extent to which genetic factors versus environmental factors contribute to the phenotypic variation observed in offspring. In summary: - Low heritability (\( h^2 = 0.1 \)) reflects a greater environmental influence. - High heritability (\( h^2 = 0.9 \)) reflects
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding Heritability Through Scatter Plots The following scatter plots illustrate the concept of heritability using the relationship between the mid-parent phenotypic value and the offspring phenotypic value. These graphs are typically used to understand the genetic contribution to a trait by examining its transmission from parents to offspring. **a) Scatter Plot (h² = 0.1)** In this graph, the heritability (\( h^2 \)) is depicted as 0.1, which indicates a low heritability. - **Axes**: - The horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the mid-parent phenotypic value. - The vertical axis (y-axis) represents the offspring phenotypic value. - **Data Points**: - Each dot represents an individual offspring's phenotypic value relative to their mid-parent value. - **Trend**: - The scattered points show a weak positive correlation between the mid-parent and offspring phenotypic values. - Since \( h^2 = 0.1 \), the offspring traits are only slightly similar to their parents', suggesting environmental factors play a more significant role. **b) Scatter Plot (h² = 0.9)** In this graph, the heritability (\( h^2 \)) is depicted as 0.9, which indicates a high heritability. - **Axes**: - The horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the mid-parent phenotypic value. - The vertical axis (y-axis) represents the offspring phenotypic value. - **Data Points**: - Each dot represents an individual offspring's phenotypic value relative to their mid-parent value. - **Trend**: - The scattered points show a strong positive correlation between the mid-parent and offspring phenotypic values. - Since \( h^2 = 0.9 \), the offspring traits are highly similar to their parents', suggesting genetic factors play a major role in determining the phenotype. ### Conclusion These plots clearly illustrate the concept of heritability and the extent to which genetic factors versus environmental factors contribute to the phenotypic variation observed in offspring. In summary: - Low heritability (\( h^2 = 0.1 \)) reflects a greater environmental influence. - High heritability (\( h^2 = 0.9 \)) reflects
**Directional Selection and Trait Values** **Question:** Imagine strong directional selection is applied, favoring large values of this trait. After one generation, what do you predict would occur to the trait values in each of the two different scenarios of ‘h’? ### Explanation: Directional selection refers to a type of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift in the direction of that phenotype over time. In this case, we are considering the impact of strong directional selection that favors larger values of a particular trait. ### Predictive Analysis: To predict the changes in the trait values after one generation, we need to consider the provided scenarios of ‘h’. The letter 'h' could represent a parameter influencing the trait, such as heritability, an environmental factor, or a genetic configuration. The following predictions are made based on hypothetical scenarios of 'h': **Scenario 1:** If 'h' is high (e.g., high heritability of the trait): - The trait values will likely increase significantly in the subsequent generation since traits with high heritability are more strongly passed from parents to offspring. As directional selection favors larger trait values, the population will rapidly exhibit higher values of the trait. **Scenario 2:** If 'h' is low (e.g., low heritability of the trait or strong environmental influences): - The trait values might not increase as significantly in the next generation. If the trait is not strongly inherited or if environmental factors play a substantial role, the progress in directional selection might be slower, and the overall increase in the trait values will be less pronounced. ### Conclusion: Understanding the relevance of 'h' is crucial for accurate predictions. If 'h' pertains to heritability and is high, the trait values will substantially increase due to strong directional selection. Conversely, if 'h' is low, the increase in trait values will be less significant. Natural selection consistently works to enhance advantageous traits, but the rate of change is influenced by the underlying genetic and environmental contexts.
Transcribed Image Text:**Directional Selection and Trait Values** **Question:** Imagine strong directional selection is applied, favoring large values of this trait. After one generation, what do you predict would occur to the trait values in each of the two different scenarios of ‘h’? ### Explanation: Directional selection refers to a type of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift in the direction of that phenotype over time. In this case, we are considering the impact of strong directional selection that favors larger values of a particular trait. ### Predictive Analysis: To predict the changes in the trait values after one generation, we need to consider the provided scenarios of ‘h’. The letter 'h' could represent a parameter influencing the trait, such as heritability, an environmental factor, or a genetic configuration. The following predictions are made based on hypothetical scenarios of 'h': **Scenario 1:** If 'h' is high (e.g., high heritability of the trait): - The trait values will likely increase significantly in the subsequent generation since traits with high heritability are more strongly passed from parents to offspring. As directional selection favors larger trait values, the population will rapidly exhibit higher values of the trait. **Scenario 2:** If 'h' is low (e.g., low heritability of the trait or strong environmental influences): - The trait values might not increase as significantly in the next generation. If the trait is not strongly inherited or if environmental factors play a substantial role, the progress in directional selection might be slower, and the overall increase in the trait values will be less pronounced. ### Conclusion: Understanding the relevance of 'h' is crucial for accurate predictions. If 'h' pertains to heritability and is high, the trait values will substantially increase due to strong directional selection. Conversely, if 'h' is low, the increase in trait values will be less significant. Natural selection consistently works to enhance advantageous traits, but the rate of change is influenced by the underlying genetic and environmental contexts.
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