If you needed to know the oxidation states of the elements on the surface of a material, which of the following techniques would yield the most complete information? Defend your answer. (a) AFM (b) STM (c) SEM (d) XRF spectroscopy (e) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (f) Auger electron spectroscopy

If you needed to know the oxidation states of the elements on the surface of a material, which of the following techniques would yield the most complete information? Defend your answer. (a) AFM (b) STM (c) SEM (d) XRF spectroscopy (e) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (f) Auger electron spectroscopy

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Question

If you needed to know the oxidation states of the elements on the surfaće of a material, which of the
following techniques would yield the most complete information? Defend your answer.
(a) AFM
(b) STM
(c) SEM
(d) XRF spectroscopy
(e) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(f) Auger electron spectroscopy
You are choosing the electron gun for a TEM instrument. Your goal is to get the best resolution possible.
Which type of electron gun should you purchase?

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Please provide a justification for the following statement: lithium chloride dissolves in polarorganic solvents. What would you expect for other group I metal halides?
(a) Which metal in the first transition series (3d series) exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and why? (b) Which of the following cations are coloured in aqueous solutions and why? Sc3+, V3+, Ti4+, Mn2+ (At. Nos. Sc = 21, V = 23, Ti = 22, Mn = 25)
(a) What compound precipitates when aqueous solutions ofFe21SO423 and LiOH are mixed? (b) Write a balanced equationfor the reaction.
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2.) Phosphorus in urine can be determined by treating with molybdenum(VI) and then reducing the phosphomolybdate with aminonaphthol sulfonic acid to give the characteristic molybdenum blue color. This absorbs at 690 nm. A patient excreted 1270mL urine in 24 h, and the pH of the urine was 6.5. A 1.00-ml aliquot of the urine was treated with molybdate reagent and aminonaphthol sulfonic acid and was diluted to a volume of 50.0 ml. A series of phosphate standards was similarly treated. The absorbance of the solutions at 690 nm, measured against a blank, were as follows: Solution Absorbance 1.00 ppm P 2.00 ppm P 0.205 0.410 3.00 ppm P 0.615 4.00 ppm P 0.820 Urine sample 0.625 (a) Calculate the number of grams of phosphorus excreted per day. (b) Calculate the phosphate concentration in the urine as millimoles per liter. (c) Calculate the ratio of HPO, to H,PO, in the sample: K= 1.1 x 10 K,= 7.5 x 10+ K,= 4.8 x 10-
None
10b
(a) Explain the major difference between the number of oxi-dation states of most transition elements and that of most main-group elements. (b) Why is the +2 oxidation state so commonamong transition elements?
How would you account for the following?(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Cr2+ is a reducing agent while Mn3+ is an oxidizing agent.(ii) The actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding members in the lanthanoid series.(iii) Most of the transition metal ions exhibit characteristic in colours in aqueous solutions.