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- In Chapter 17 Data Set 5, you will find entries for two variables: age category (young, middle-aged, and old) and strength following weight training (weak, moderate, and strong). Are these two factors independent of one another? Strength Weak Moderate Strong Age Young 12 18 22 Middle 20 22 20 Old 9 10 5 What is the null hypothesis in words? (You will need to get this from lecture and/or the lecture notes. It is not covered in your text). What is the alternative hypothesis in words? (See note in a. above) What is your degrees of freedom for the test? How did you arrive at this answer? Based on c. above and using an alpha =.05, what is the critical value for the test? Use PSPP/SPSS to calculate the Chi Square value. Use the instructions on pages 304-305. Copy/paste the output table. (result in the pictures) What is the Chi Square value? What is the p-value? Based on f., do…Omitting a variable from our model that has a causal effect on our dependent variable always leads to omitted variable bias. a. False b. TrueFor each of the following epidemiological scenarios, draw a DAG that represents the relationships between the variables: A researcher is studying the association between experiencing childhood abuse (A) and the occurrence of depression (D) as an adult. She has reason to believe that alcohol consumption (C) may mediate the relationship between (A) and (D).
- The question is…are pre and post shows a dependent test or an independent test? Explain why.If when measuring two quantitative variables on an individual, we find that increases in the first variable x correspond to decreases in the second variable y, we say that A. there is a positive association between the two variables. b. there is a negative association between the two variables. c. there is no correlation between the two variables. d. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables.Suppose that you conduct a study in which you observe parents and their children interacting at home. You find that the more supportive parents are, the less aggressive their children are. What conclusion can you make? Children being aggressive causes parents to be less supportive. Level of support and aggression are positively correlated. Level of support and aggression are negatively correlated. Parents being more supportive causes children to be less aggressive.
- Do larger universities tend to have more property crime? University crime statistics are affected by a variety of factors. The surrounding community, accessibility given to outside visitors, and many other factors influence crime rate. Let x be a variable that represents student enrollment (in thousands) on a university campus, and let y be a variable that represents the number of burglaries in a year on the university campus. A random sample of n = 8 universities in California gave the following information about enrollments and annual burglary incidents.x 12.3 28.6 24.5 14.3 7.5 27.7 16.2 20.1y 23 72 39 23 15 30 15 25 a) Compute r. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)You have data on the incidence of three types of malaria (A, B, and C) in three tropical regions (Africa, Asia, South America) . Is there a relationship between location and type of malaria? What is the appropriate test to answer this question? A Paired Samples t test B Correlation C Chi Square test D Independent Samples t testIf the coefficient of correlation between x and y is close to -1.0, which of the following statements is correct? a. There is a weak, negative linear relationship between x and y, where there may or may not be any causaPřelàtionship bêtween x and y. b. There is a strong, negative linear, relationship between x and y, where there may or may not be any causal rēlätionship between x and y. C. There is a strong, negative linear relationship between x and y, where there must be a čausal řelătionship between x and y. d. There is a strong, posițive linear relationship between x and y, where there may or may not be any causãl řélationship bêtween x'and y.
- Among the literature on quitting smoking are data detailing the relative successfulness of people of different ages in quitting smoking. A study of 400 adults who began various smoking-cessation programs produced the data in the table below. In the table, each participant is classified according to two variables: length of their smoking cessation period ("Less than two weeks", "Between two weeks and one year", or "At least one year") and age ("21-34", or "35 and over"). In the table, "less than two weeks" means that the individual returned to smoking within two weeks of beginning the program; "between two weeks and one year" means that the individual lasted the first two weeks without smoking but retuned to smoking within a year; and "at least one year" means that the individual has not smoked for at least a year since beginning the program. The table is a contingency table whose cells contain the respective observed frequencies of classifications of the 400 smokers. In addition, three…A researcher selected an all-girls high school to study math achievement by comparing text lessons vs. visual lessons (the independent variable) and used final exam scores as the dependent variable. He arranged for text lessons in the Fall and visual lessons in the Spring. What is confounded with what? a. type of lesson with season of year b. Girls with exam scores and season of year c. type of lesson with exam scores d. season of year with exam scores. Differentiate between correlation vs. causation. When two variables are correlated (such as strength and running speed), they are associated with one another. Explain how, even if there is a correlation between the two, one might not cause the other. Provide an example of an association between variables where a causal relationship makes sense conceptually. Why can't correlations be used as a tool to prove a causal relationship between variables rather than just an association?