If there were something genetic that made people simultaneously more susceptible to both smoking and lung cancer, that would be instance of A)causation B) the placebo effect C ) confounding D) common response
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If there were something genetic that made people simultaneously more susceptible to both smoking and lung cancer, that would be instance of
A)causation
B) the placebo effect
C ) confounding
D) common response
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- A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 3.9%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians’ offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.1%. The researcher’s hypothesis, for a level of significance of 5%, should resemble which of the following sets of hypothesis? A) H0: p > .039; H1: p = .039; alpha= .05 B) H0: p = .039; H1: p > .039; alpha= .05 C) H0: p > .039; H1: p = .039; alpha= .95 D) H0: p = .039; H1: p…1. Peripheral catheters retained in a blood vessel are a common cause of peripheral vascular catheter-related bloodstream infections (PVC-BSIs) (Sato et al. 2017). Patients with PVC-BSIs appear to also have other infections such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Researchers want to know if having an S. aureus infection is associated with dying from a PVC-BSI. In a recent trial, 187 patients were studied. 76 patients that had an S. aureus infection also died of a PVC-BSI. 35 patients died of a PVC-BSI but did not have an S. aureus infection. 22 patients had an S. Aureus infection but did not die of a PVC-BSI. Finally, 54 patients did not have an S. aureus infection and did not die of a PVC-BSI. Test the claim that PVC-BSI mortality is dependent upon having an S. aureus infection. Use a 0.05 significance level. a. 0.31 b. 0.45 c. 3.94 d. 2.14 e. 4.54Cat Ownership and Schizophrenia Could owning a cat as a child be related to mental illness later in life? Toxoplasmosis is a disease transmitted primarily through contact with cat feces, and has recently been linked with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Also, people infected with Toxoplasmosis tend to like cats more and are 2.5 times more likely to get in a car accident, due to delayed reaction times. The CDC estimates that about 22.5% of Americans are infected with Toxoplasmosis (most have no symptoms), and this prevalence can be as high as 95 % in other parts of the world. A study' randomly selected 262 people registered with the National Alliance for the Mentally III (NAMI), almost all of whom had schizophrenia, and for each person selected, chose two people from families without mental illness who were the same age, sex, and socioeconomic status as the person selected from NAMI. Each participant was asked whether or not they owned a cat as a child. The results showed that…
- Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the number of significant findings the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variables4. A pharmaceutical company wants to test whether the incidence of side effects (i.e. adverse events)differs between the treatment and placebo groups at theα= 0.05. Letp1= the proportion of subjects in the treatment groups who experienced at least one adverse event and letp2= the proportion of subjects in the placebo group who experience at least one adverse event. 8 out of 30 people in the treatment group experienced at least one adverse event and 5 out of 30 people in the placebo group experienced at least one adverse event. (a) Set up the null and alternative hypothesis (using mathematical notation/numbers AND interpret them in the context of the problem) (b) Calculate the test statistic (c) Calculate the critical value (d) Draw a picture of the distribution of the test statistic under H0. Label and provide values for the critical value and the test statistic, and shade the critical region. (e) Make and justify a statistical decision at theα= 0.05 level and state your conclusions in…The National Institute of Mental Health published an article stating that in any one-year period, approximately 8.8% of American adults suffer from depression or a depressive illness. Suppose that in a survey of 2000 people in a certain city, 11.3% of them suffered from depression or a depressive illness. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the true proportion of people in that city suffering from depression or a depressive illness is more than the 8.8% in the general adult American population. Test the relevant hypotheses using a 5% level of significance. Give answer to at least 4 decimal places. a. What are the correct hypotheses? H0: H1: b.) Based on the hypotheses, find the following: c.) Test Statistic = d.) p-value = e.) Based on the above we choose to________________ f.) The correct summary would be:____________ that the true proportion of people in that city suffering from depression or a depressive illness is more than the percent in the general…
- A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 3.9%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians’ offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.1%. Calculate the z value for the test statistic. A) z = 1.12 B) z = 1.09 C) z = 0.92 D) z = -57.53A 2012 survey of 417 American adults indicates that 15% of cell phone owners do their browsing on their phone rather than a computer or other device. According to an online article, a report from a mobile research company indicates that 38% of Chinese mobile web users only access the internet through their cell phones. We wish to conduct a hypothesis test to determine if these data provide strong evidence that the proportion of Americans who only use their cell phones to access the internet is less than the Chinese proportion of 38%. (a) The Null Hypothesis, in mathematical symbols, is: H0: p = ______ (b) The Alternative Hypothesis, in mathematical symbols, is: HA : p = _______ In both the null and alternative hypotheses, the symbol ( p ) is the proportion of American adult cell phone owners who do their browsing on their phone. (c) The standard error based on the null hypothesis is... :________ (d) Our data indicates a proportion of Americans who use their phones to browse is…Research indicates that there may be a relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. Provided is data on the amount of caffeinated coffee consumed and whether the woman was diagnosed with clinical depression. Of interest is to see if there is evidence of an association between caffeinated coffee intake and clinical depression in women. What are the hypotheses? Caffeinated coffee Depression <1 cup/wk >=1 cup/day 2-3 cups/day 4+ cups/day Total Yes 670 1278 564 95 2607 No 11545 22573 11726 2288 48132 Total 12215 23851 12290 2383 50739 A. H0: H0 is not true and there is no association between caffeine intake and depression in women B. There is no association between caffeine intake and depression in women and H0 is not true C. Research indicates that there may be a relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women D. H0: There is an association between caffeine intake and…