If the clay is OC, pre-consolidation pressure, Pc=200 kPa, Cc=0.1, Cr=0.025, e.=0.9, calculate the primary consolidation settlement of clay layer, the surcharge pressure is 50 kPa as shown in the figure below (unit: mm). Hint: Use the middle layer to represent the whole layer. 50 kPa 3 m Granular fill, y, = 19.6 kN/m3 %3D Člay, y; = 18.6 kN/m3 20 m

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Introduction to Engineering Design

Students are often confused with engineering and design. The term engineering design has two words with different meanings, engineering, and design. The term engineering implies applications of laws and principles of science to design and analyze physical structures and components. In civil engineering, students apply the concept of physics and chemistry to design and build structures and buildings. In engineering disciplines, the term design means determining the dimensions, loads, and associated influences on the component due to the applied loads such as stresses and deformations. The estimation of such parameters is crucial to make the component or structure foolproof.