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- Average cost curves (except for avenge fixed cost) tend to be U-shaped, decreasing and then increasing. Marginal cost curves have the same shape, though this may be harder to see since most of the marginal cost curve is increasing. Why do you think that average and marginal cost curves have the same general shape?What shape of a long-run average cost curve illustrates economies of scale, constant returns to scale, and diseconomies of scale?How does fixed cost affect marginal cost? Why is this relationship important?
- Automobile manufacturing is an industry subject to significant economies of scale. Suppose there are four domestic auto manufacturers, but the demand for domestic autos is no more than 2.5 times the quantity produced at the bottom of the long-run average cost curve. What do you expect will happen to the domestic auto industry in the long run?What is the difference between economies of scale, constant returns to scale, and diseconomies of scale?What is the difference between a fixed input and a variable input?
- Do you think that the taxicab industry in large cities would be subject to significant economies of scale? Why or why not?What shapes would you generally expect each of the following cost curves to have: fixed costs, variable costs, marginal costs, average total costs, and average variable costs?How would an improvement in technology, like the high-efficiency gas turbines or Pirelli tire plant, affect me lung-nm average cost curve of a firm? Can you draw the old curve and the new one on the same axes? How might such an improvement affect other firms in the industry?
- Are fixed costs also sunk costs? Explain.How do we calculate each of the following: marginal cost, average total cost, and average variable cost?A common name for fixed cost is overhead. If you divide fixed cost by the quantity of output produced, you get average fixed cost. Supposed fixed cost is 1,000. What does the average fixed cost curve look like? Use your response to explain what spreading the overhead means.