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(i) (ii) (iii) Which of thc following conjugated dyes has the highest degree of conjugation? O (i) (iii) IL is impossible to delermine based on the provided information.

(i) (ii) (iii) Which of thc following conjugated dyes has the highest degree of conjugation? O (i) (iii) IL is impossible to delermine based on the provided information.

Principles of Modern Chemistry
Principles of Modern Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN:9781305079113
Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Chapter20: Molecular Spectroscopy And Photochemistry
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 59AP
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### Understanding Conjugation in Dye Molecules Conjugation is a key feature in the chemistry of dyes, impacting their light absorption properties and thereby their color. Below are three conjugated dye molecules represented by their chemical structures. Each dye has a different degree of conjugation based on their structure. Your task is to determine which dye has the highest degree of conjugation. #### Chemical Structures of Conjugated Dyes 1. **Dye (i)**: - The structure of Dye (i) features two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) connected by a conjugated system consisting of alternating double and single bonds, flanked by two sulfur-containing heterocycles (possibly thiophene rings). 2. **Dye (ii)**: - The structure of Dye (ii) shows two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) connected by a longer conjugated system of alternating double and single bonds as compared to Dye (i). This dye also includes two sulfur-containing heterocycles. 3. **Dye (iii)**: - Dye (iii) has the longest conjugated system among the three, with multiple alternating double and single bonds connecting two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) on both ends. Similar to Dyes (i) and (ii), this dye also features sulfur-containing heterocycles. #### Question Which of the following conjugated dyes has the highest degree of conjugation? - (i) - (ii) - (iii) - It is impossible to determine based on the provided information. --- **Explanation**: A higher degree of conjugation typically involves a longer chain of alternating double and single bonds, allowing delocalization of electrons over a larger distance. Comparing the structures of Dyes (i), (ii), and (iii), it can be observed that Dye (iii) has the longest chain of alternating double and single bonds, indicating the highest degree of conjugation among the three. --- By analyzing the structure of each dye, it's clear that the extent of conjugation increases from Dye (i) to Dye (iii), making Dye (iii) the most conjugated molecule in this set.
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding Conjugation in Dye Molecules Conjugation is a key feature in the chemistry of dyes, impacting their light absorption properties and thereby their color. Below are three conjugated dye molecules represented by their chemical structures. Each dye has a different degree of conjugation based on their structure. Your task is to determine which dye has the highest degree of conjugation. #### Chemical Structures of Conjugated Dyes 1. **Dye (i)**: - The structure of Dye (i) features two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) connected by a conjugated system consisting of alternating double and single bonds, flanked by two sulfur-containing heterocycles (possibly thiophene rings). 2. **Dye (ii)**: - The structure of Dye (ii) shows two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) connected by a longer conjugated system of alternating double and single bonds as compared to Dye (i). This dye also includes two sulfur-containing heterocycles. 3. **Dye (iii)**: - Dye (iii) has the longest conjugated system among the three, with multiple alternating double and single bonds connecting two hexagonal rings (benzene rings) on both ends. Similar to Dyes (i) and (ii), this dye also features sulfur-containing heterocycles. #### Question Which of the following conjugated dyes has the highest degree of conjugation? - (i) - (ii) - (iii) - It is impossible to determine based on the provided information. --- **Explanation**: A higher degree of conjugation typically involves a longer chain of alternating double and single bonds, allowing delocalization of electrons over a larger distance. Comparing the structures of Dyes (i), (ii), and (iii), it can be observed that Dye (iii) has the longest chain of alternating double and single bonds, indicating the highest degree of conjugation among the three. --- By analyzing the structure of each dye, it's clear that the extent of conjugation increases from Dye (i) to Dye (iii), making Dye (iii) the most conjugated molecule in this set.
### Understanding the Absorbance Spectrum of an Unknown Compound The graph displayed illustrates the absorbance spectrum of an unknown compound. The x-axis represents the wavelength of light in nanometers (nm), ranging from 350 nm to 750 nm. The y-axis shows the absorbance, which measures how much light is absorbed by the compound, ranging from 0.0 to 0.5. A distinct peak in the graph marks the wavelength at which maximum absorbance (\( \lambda_{\text{max}} \)) occurs. This peak is situated at around 600 nm, indicating that the compound absorbs light most strongly at this wavelength. #### Details of the Graph: - **X-axis (Wavelength):** 350 nm to 750 nm - **Y-axis (Absorbance):** 0.0 to 0.5 - **Peak Absorbance (\( \lambda_{\text{max}} \)):** 600 nm --- **Problem:** Given that the sample's concentration is 3 µM and the cuvette has a path length of 1 cm, calculate the molar attenuation coefficient at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \). **Answer Choices:** A. \( 116,000 \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) B. \( 11,600,000 \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) C. \( 1.16 \times 10^{5} \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) D. It is impossible to determine based on the provided information. To calculate the molar attenuation coefficient \( \varepsilon \) at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \), we use the Beer-Lambert Law: \[ A = \varepsilon \cdot c \cdot l \] Where: - \( A \) is the absorbance at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \), - \( c \) is the concentration of the sample, - \( l \) is the path length of the cuvette. Inserting the values: \[ 0.4 = \varepsilon \cdot 3 \times 10^{-6} \text{ M} \cdot 1 \text{ cm} \] Solving for \( \varepsilon \): \[ \varepsilon = \frac
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding the Absorbance Spectrum of an Unknown Compound The graph displayed illustrates the absorbance spectrum of an unknown compound. The x-axis represents the wavelength of light in nanometers (nm), ranging from 350 nm to 750 nm. The y-axis shows the absorbance, which measures how much light is absorbed by the compound, ranging from 0.0 to 0.5. A distinct peak in the graph marks the wavelength at which maximum absorbance (\( \lambda_{\text{max}} \)) occurs. This peak is situated at around 600 nm, indicating that the compound absorbs light most strongly at this wavelength. #### Details of the Graph: - **X-axis (Wavelength):** 350 nm to 750 nm - **Y-axis (Absorbance):** 0.0 to 0.5 - **Peak Absorbance (\( \lambda_{\text{max}} \)):** 600 nm --- **Problem:** Given that the sample's concentration is 3 µM and the cuvette has a path length of 1 cm, calculate the molar attenuation coefficient at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \). **Answer Choices:** A. \( 116,000 \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) B. \( 11,600,000 \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) C. \( 1.16 \times 10^{5} \text{ M}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-1} \) D. It is impossible to determine based on the provided information. To calculate the molar attenuation coefficient \( \varepsilon \) at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \), we use the Beer-Lambert Law: \[ A = \varepsilon \cdot c \cdot l \] Where: - \( A \) is the absorbance at \( \lambda_{\text{max}} \), - \( c \) is the concentration of the sample, - \( l \) is the path length of the cuvette. Inserting the values: \[ 0.4 = \varepsilon \cdot 3 \times 10^{-6} \text{ M} \cdot 1 \text{ cm} \] Solving for \( \varepsilon \): \[ \varepsilon = \frac
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