Hypertension is a major health issue in the United States, yet glomerular filtration rate is not autoregulated until mean arterial blood pressure exceeds 180 mm Hg. In contrast, a drop in mean arterial blood pressure of only a few mm Hg sets autoregulation into motion. What does this tell you about the regulation of blood pressure?
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- Which of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytesUnder circumstances of having low blood pressure , how does the sympathetic nervous system decrease glomerular filtration rate ? stimulates constriction of the efferent arteriole only stimulates relaxation of the mesangial cells stimulates secretion of erythropoietin stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arteriolesWhich is TRUE of the RAAS pathway? angiotensin Il directly leads to vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone which promotes Na+ reabsorption at the cortical collecting duct ANP stimulates the RAAS pathway, while ADH/vasopressin inhibits the RAAS pathway increased plasma volume directly puts extra pressure on the afferent arteriole and indirectly increases pressure in the distal tubule, both of which lead to stimulation of renin release angiotensin Il promotes activation of the parasympathetic system which decreases GFR low plasma Na+ is sensed by the proximal tubule and triggers release of renin from JGA cells
- Is this following statement correct? In the kidney, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular filtration rate, because hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases (much like putting your thumb over the end of a garden hose increases the pressure and causes the water to exit the hose with greater velocity and travel a greater distance).One model of the glomerular membrane is a microporous membrane in which right cylindrical pores penetrate all the way through the membrane. Assume that the pores have a length of 50 nm and a radius of 3.5 nm. The viscosity of plasma is 0.002 Pa s. The average hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm Hg, hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is 20 mm Hg and the average oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary blood is 28 mm Hg. A. Calculate the flow through a single pore assuming laminar flow (use the Poiseuille flow equation) B. How many pores would there have to be to produce a normal GFR? C. If the total aggregate area of the kidneys for filtration is 1.5 m2, what is the density of the pores (number of pores per unit area)? D. What fraction of the area is present as pores?Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are often employed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) or other disease states. Three physiological categories of such drugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibit the action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories would be expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow.
- What is unique about blood flow out of the glomerular capillaries (Hint: what vessel drains them)? How does this help to explain why the pressure in the glomerular capillaries is higher than other capillaries?Renal is a process that yields relatively constant GFR with fluctuating blood pressure in the kidney, occurring through (two words) where the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole constricts when stretched and a tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism which occurs when the are activated by rising NaCl concentrations and increased flow rates.Say you have a hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries of 60 mm Hg and a colloid osmotic pressure in the same capillaries of 20 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure in mm Hg? 80 O 40 O 3 O 1200 none of these
- Renal tubules cannot reabsorb HCO3–; yet HCO3–concentration in the tubular fluid falls while in the blood plasma itrises. Explain this apparent contradiction.Is this statement true or false? Why? The collecting ducts are impermeable to water when ADH is present. Thank you!!A patient has essential hypertension, and with a healthy lifestyle and medication, he is able to maintain normal blood pressure on a single antihypertensive medication. The medication he takes is called an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or ACE inhibitor, which blocks the activation of angiotensin II. Describe at least two mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume and, therefore, increase blood pressure.