Hypersensitivity reactions, by definition, lead to tissue damage. Can they also be beneficial? Explain.

Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: Which pathway for activation of complement involves antibodies? Explain why.

A: The complement system refers to a part of the innate immune system of the body which increases the…

Q: Compare the different types of hypersensitivity reactions.

A: Hypersensitivity reactions are harmful antigen specific immune response and occur when an individual…

Q: Describe the requirements for activation of helper T cells by macrophages. Explain how helper T…

A: T cells or T lymphocytes play a significant role in cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The cytotoxic T…

Q: Explain the effect of the following changes in the structure of the immunoglobulin G and its…

A: Immunoglobulins are Y-shaped proteins that are made up of glycoproteins. These are produced by…

Q: Explain delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). How might you expect to induce it? What components of…

A: The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is characterized by the T cells recruitment into tissues to…

Q: Distinguish between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. What drugs are used to treat immediate…

A: Hypersensitivity reactions tend to occur when the normal immune system that provides protection to…

Q: Mention the site in the body where the B-cells and T-cells are formed. Give one difference between…

A: Introduction: The immune system is involved in protecting the human body from any invading pathogen.…

Q: Write the main components of type 3 hypersensitivity reaction. Why phagocytic cells cannot…

A: "Hypersensitivity is the immune system's reaction to a foreign chemical that is not normally…

Q: Serum sickness belongs to what type of hypersensitivity? What causes serum sickness?

A: Hypersensitivity occurs when body produces an unnecessary and undesirable immune response following…

Q: In general, what sorts of pathogens might be able to more successfully attack a patient with an…

A: B lymphocytes are mediators of the humoral (antibody-producing) immunity  Without B-cells, our body…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: How can C3b be both a product of complement activation and an activator of the complement system?

A: In a complement system, the presence of foreign pathogens triggers the C3 protein.

Q: Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. Include three similarities in terms of cell…

A: Answer.  Three similarities between innate and adaptive immune system are given in the following…

Q: Explain what aspects of the body's innate immune system would be best suited to fight a mesophilic,…

A: The immune system is essential for survival. It is very complicated and consists of several…

Q: Different hypersensitive responses can result from a bee sting. What type of hypersensitivity could…

A: i) This case is of hypersensitivity type 1 as the effect disappears within an hour and does not get…

Q: What is the difference between an immediate hypersensitivity reaction and a delayed hypersensitivity…

A: Hypersensitivity condition in which the normally protective immune system has a harmful effect on…

Q: Explain the differences between active artificial immunityand passive natural immunity.

A: The immune system is the body's natural defence against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and…

Q: What is Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity?

A: The immune system composed of cells, tissues, proteins, and organs. Its main function is to protect…

Q: Which two classes of antibodies are BEST at agglutinating pathogens? Explain.

A: Antibodies These are referred to as proteins that protect against the pathogens that enter our…

Q: your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: The humoral immunity is referred to as immunity from the antibody. B cells can differentiate into…

Q: Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not alwayseffective at removing pathogens from the body

A: Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and…

Q: True or False: FHL patients show increased susceptibility to infection because secretion of IFN-γ in…

A: In the case of first statement, it is False. In the case of the second statement, it is true.

Q: True

A: Introduction :- B- cell (B lymphocyte) is one of the most important cell of the body. They form a…

Q: How does subacute hypersensitivity differ from acutehypersensitivity? Give an example of each

A: Hypersensitivity reactions are undesirable reactions that occur on exposure to any drug, substance,…

Q: true or false the innate immunity system requires activation and must be specific to the invading…

A: Immunology is the branch of science which deals with the study of the immune system, immune response…

Q: List two potentially life-threatening consequences of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction and explain…

A: The immune system is critical for maintaining human health and defending the body from microbial…

Q: These antibodies are capable of stimulating complement, causing type II

A: An antibody (Ab), otherwise called an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a huge, Y-formed protein utilized by…

Q: Explain what MALT is and describe where in the body it is found. What role does it play in the…

A: Any foreign protein, toxin of parasites, bacteria and viruses, when enter into the body, they…

Q: allergic asthma is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity, what are the major characteristics of this…

A: Allergic asthma is asthma which trigger by same substance which triggers allergy. Type 1…

Q: List the four classes of immune hypersensitivity and give an example of each.

A: Some ingested or inhaled antigen can cause severe systemic reaction, resulting in significant tissue…

Q: Describe how phagocytes recognize foreign cells.

A: Phagocytes are specialized immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells and debris. They play…

Q: A patient recently underwent a transplant and first shows success. About two months after the…

A: Transplant rejection is a process in which a transplant recipient's immune system attacks the…