How reliable are mutual funds that invest in bonds? This depends on the bond fund you buy. A random sample of annual percentage returns for mutual funds holding short-term U.S. government bonds is shown below. 4.6 4.7 1.8 9.5 -0.9 4.1 10.5 4.2 3.5 3.9 9.8 -1.2 7.3 Use a calculator to verify that s2 ≈ 13.891 for the preceding data. A random sample of annual percentage returns for mutual funds holding intermediate-term corporate bonds is shown below. -0.9 3.6 20.4 7.1 -0.7 18.8 -3.4 10.5 8.0 -0.9 2.6 14.9 -6.5 8.2 18.8 14.2 Use a calculator to verify that s2 ≈ 72.798 for returns from mutual funds holding intermediate-term corporate bonds. Use α = 5% to test the claim that the population variance for annual percentage returns of mutual funds holding short-term government bonds is different from the population variance for mutual funds holding intermediate-term corporate bonds. How could your test conclusion relate to the question of reliability of returns for each type of mutual fund? (a) What is the level of significance?   (b) Find the value of the sample F statistic. (Use 2 decimal places.) What are the degrees of freedom? dfN   dfD

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.