How much heat must be transferred for this to happen, including the energy needed for phase changes? Your answer should be in terms of the variables in the introduction and the specific heats of ice (ci), water (cw), and steam (cs). The latent heats are Lf
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Suppose you want to raise the temperature of a mass m of ice from T0 < 0 °C to T > 100 °C. In this problem, represent the heat of fusion as Lf, the heat of vaporization as Lv, and the temperatures at which the phase changes occur as Tf and Tv.
a. How much heat must be transferred for this to happen, including the energy needed for phase changes? Your answer should be in terms of the variables in the introduction and the specific heats of ice (ci), water (cw), and steam (cs). The latent heats are Lf = 334 kJ/kg and Lv = 2256 kJ/kg
b. How much heat, in kilocalories, must be transferred for this to happen to 0.195 kg of ice starting at a temperature of -20 °C and ending at a temperature of 130 °C?
c. How much time, in seconds, is required to do this, assuming a constant 20.0 kJ/s rate of heat transfer?
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