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(2) Sublimation. Figures below represent the phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide. (a) Describe the difference in sublimation behavior under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing on Earth. (b) How would you explain the sublimation of the polar ice caps on Mars during the Martian Summer? 217.7 METING FREZING Normal melting point Solid - Normal boiling point Liquid VAPQURISON DENSATION Gas 0.006 SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION 100 374.4 Temperature (C) Pressure (atm)

(2) Sublimation. Figures below represent the phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide. (a) Describe the difference in sublimation behavior under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing on Earth. (b) How would you explain the sublimation of the polar ice caps on Mars during the Martian Summer? 217.7 METING FREZING Normal melting point Solid - Normal boiling point Liquid VAPQURISON DENSATION Gas 0.006 SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION 100 374.4 Temperature (C) Pressure (atm)

General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN:9781305580343
Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Chapter11: States Of Matter; Liquids And Solids
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 11.6QP: Explain why evaporation leads to cooling of the liquid.
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**Phase Diagram for CO₂** The diagram illustrates the phase transitions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) between solid, liquid, and gas states under various conditions of temperature and pressure. **Regions:** - **Solid**: The blue area represents the solid phase. - **Liquid**: The yellow region depicts the liquid phase. - **Gas**: The green section indicates the gas phase. **Phase Boundaries:** - The lines separating these regions represent the conditions under which two phases can coexist in equilibrium. **Triple Point:** - The triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist, occurs at approximately -56.4°C and 5.11 atm. **Critical Point:** - The critical point, beyond which the gas cannot be liquefied regardless of pressure, is around 31.1°C and 73 atm. **Phase Transitions:** - **Melting/Freezing**: Transition between solid and liquid, shown by blue and red arrows within the solid and liquid regions. - **Vaporization/Condensation**: Transition between liquid and gas, illustrated by blue and red arrows at the boundary. - **Sublimation/Deposition**: Transition between solid and gas, depicted by arrows between the solid and gas areas. This phase diagram is crucial for understanding the behavior of CO₂ across various environmental conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:**Phase Diagram for CO₂** The diagram illustrates the phase transitions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) between solid, liquid, and gas states under various conditions of temperature and pressure. **Regions:** - **Solid**: The blue area represents the solid phase. - **Liquid**: The yellow region depicts the liquid phase. - **Gas**: The green section indicates the gas phase. **Phase Boundaries:** - The lines separating these regions represent the conditions under which two phases can coexist in equilibrium. **Triple Point:** - The triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist, occurs at approximately -56.4°C and 5.11 atm. **Critical Point:** - The critical point, beyond which the gas cannot be liquefied regardless of pressure, is around 31.1°C and 73 atm. **Phase Transitions:** - **Melting/Freezing**: Transition between solid and liquid, shown by blue and red arrows within the solid and liquid regions. - **Vaporization/Condensation**: Transition between liquid and gas, illustrated by blue and red arrows at the boundary. - **Sublimation/Deposition**: Transition between solid and gas, depicted by arrows between the solid and gas areas. This phase diagram is crucial for understanding the behavior of CO₂ across various environmental conditions.
**Sublimation and Phase Diagrams** The image presents the phase diagram for water and carbon dioxide, illustrating how substances transition between solid, liquid, and gas phases under varying pressure and temperature conditions. ### Key Features of the Diagram: 1. **Axes:** - The vertical axis represents pressure (in atmospheres, atm). - The horizontal axis represents temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C). 2. **Regions:** - **Solid Region (Blue):** At low temperatures and varying pressures, substances remain solid. - **Liquid Region (Yellow):** At moderate temperatures and pressures, substances exist in the liquid phase. - **Gas Region (Green):** At high temperatures and low to moderate pressures, substances are in the gas phase. 3. **Critical Points:** - **Normal Melting Point:** Where the solid turns to liquid. - **Normal Boiling Point:** Where the liquid turns into gas. 4. **Phase Transitions:** - **Melting/Freezing (Solid-Liquid Transition):** Indicated by the horizontal line at the melting point. - **Vaporization/Condensation (Liquid-Gas Transition):** Shows the transition between liquid and vapor phases. - **Sublimation/Deposition (Solid-Gas Transition):** Substances can transition directly from solid to gas (sublimation) or gas to solid (deposition) without passing through the liquid phase. This is noted near the lower pressure regions at various temperatures. ### Questions (a) **Describe the difference in sublimation behavior under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing on Earth.** On Earth, substances like carbon dioxide can sublimate at atmospheric pressure due to their phase diagrams. Water typically melts and evaporates rather than sublimate at standard Earth conditions because the ambient pressure and temperature fall within its liquid phase region. (b) **How would you explain the sublimation of the polar ice caps on Mars during the Martian Summer?** The Martian atmosphere is much thinner (lower pressure) than Earth's, and temperatures can be quite cold, which allows for the sublimation of polar ice caps made of carbon dioxide. During the summer, increased temperatures can lead to the direct transition from solid carbon dioxide to gas without becoming liquid due to these pressure conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:**Sublimation and Phase Diagrams** The image presents the phase diagram for water and carbon dioxide, illustrating how substances transition between solid, liquid, and gas phases under varying pressure and temperature conditions. ### Key Features of the Diagram: 1. **Axes:** - The vertical axis represents pressure (in atmospheres, atm). - The horizontal axis represents temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C). 2. **Regions:** - **Solid Region (Blue):** At low temperatures and varying pressures, substances remain solid. - **Liquid Region (Yellow):** At moderate temperatures and pressures, substances exist in the liquid phase. - **Gas Region (Green):** At high temperatures and low to moderate pressures, substances are in the gas phase. 3. **Critical Points:** - **Normal Melting Point:** Where the solid turns to liquid. - **Normal Boiling Point:** Where the liquid turns into gas. 4. **Phase Transitions:** - **Melting/Freezing (Solid-Liquid Transition):** Indicated by the horizontal line at the melting point. - **Vaporization/Condensation (Liquid-Gas Transition):** Shows the transition between liquid and vapor phases. - **Sublimation/Deposition (Solid-Gas Transition):** Substances can transition directly from solid to gas (sublimation) or gas to solid (deposition) without passing through the liquid phase. This is noted near the lower pressure regions at various temperatures. ### Questions (a) **Describe the difference in sublimation behavior under the pressure and temperature conditions prevailing on Earth.** On Earth, substances like carbon dioxide can sublimate at atmospheric pressure due to their phase diagrams. Water typically melts and evaporates rather than sublimate at standard Earth conditions because the ambient pressure and temperature fall within its liquid phase region. (b) **How would you explain the sublimation of the polar ice caps on Mars during the Martian Summer?** The Martian atmosphere is much thinner (lower pressure) than Earth's, and temperatures can be quite cold, which allows for the sublimation of polar ice caps made of carbon dioxide. During the summer, increased temperatures can lead to the direct transition from solid carbon dioxide to gas without becoming liquid due to these pressure conditions.
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