States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Energy Constants for H2O
334 J/g = Heat of Fusion (Hf)
2260 J/g = Heat of Vaporization (Hv)
2.11 J/goC = Specific Heat Capacity of solid water
4.18 J/goC = Specific Heat Capacity of liquid water
2.00 =J/goC = Specific Heat Capacity of water vapor
2. How much energy is needed to completely boil away 250 g of 40oC water into 100oC water vapor?
Q =q1 + q2
q1 = heat required to warm the temperature
q2 = heat required to vapourize the water
Q = mc∆T + mHv
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