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How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred into the matrix via the malate–aspartate shuttle?

Concepts of Biology

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168116

Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise

Publisher:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise

Chapter4: How Cells Obtain Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 19CTQ: When muscle cells run out of oxygen, what happens to the potential for energy extraction from sugars...

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Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.

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How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred into the matrix via the malate–aspartate shuttle?

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Why does PGAL have the highest potential energy of glycolysis?
The malate–aspartate shuttle yields about2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why doesnature use the glycerol–phosphate shuttle, which yields only about1.5 moles of ATP?
Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is true? (A) The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to produce NADH for use in anabolic pathways and ribose 6-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.(B) The oxidative arm of the PPP produces (2) NADPH per glucose 6-phosphate that enters the pathway. (C) Phosphopentose isomerase converts the ribose 5-phosphate made in the oxidative arm of the PPP into ribulose 5-phosphate that is used to form the ribose sugar of nucleotides.(D) The non-oxidative arm of the PPP interconverts between ribose 5-phosphate and a variety of intermediates of b-oxidation. (E) One of the functions of the PPP is to provide NADPH that inhibits glutathione reductase so that it cannot oxidatively damage RBCs.
How many net ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) in a neuron?
The effect of ATP on the allosteric enzyme PFK-1 is shown below. For a given concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, the PFK-1 activity increases with increasing concentrations of ATP, but a point is reached beyond which increasing the concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme. (a) Explain how ATP can be both a substrate and an inhibitor of PFK-1. How is the enzyme regulated by ATP? (b) In what ways is glycolysis regulated by ATP levels? (c) The inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is diminished when the ADP concentration is high, as shown in the illustration. How can this observation be explained? *A graph is included for this question*
Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
Deoxynucleotides (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) are the substrates for DNA synthesis. Calculate the number of glucose molecules that must be degraded to generate the energy required for the synthesis of 1000 deoxynucleotides used in DNA synthesis. Assume that glucose is oxidized completely to CO2 and H2O, the malate–aspartate shuttle is in operation, and NADPH is the equivalent of 4 ATP
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) is a reagent that reacts with Asp or Glu residues. Explain why the reaction of DCCD with the c subunits of F1F0-ATP ase blocks its ATP-synthesizing activity.
List four possible metabolic fates for pyruvate in a mammalian cell. Indicate the type of reaction that occurs. What additional reaction occurs in yeast?
Decylic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs naturally in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Calculate the net ATP yield when decylic acid undergoes complete B oxidation. The formula of decylic acid is shown below: (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP.) O 50 ATP O 52 ATP 66 ATP OH O 64 ATP
When the cells of our body are in dire need to synthesize Ribose 5 phosphate and it has already enough supply of NADPH, reverse non oxidative pathway of the HMP shunt pathway takes place. If the cell has 10 glucose 6 phosphate molecules, how many of these would be converted to Fructose 6 phosphate and how many to form glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate respectively to synthesize maximum number of Ribose 5 phosphate? 8:2 2:8 4:6 6:4
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